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Salix babylonica

life science Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The weeping willow, known scientifically as *Salix babylonica*, is a medium- to large-sized deciduous tree. A deciduous tree is one that loses its leaves every year. This species is famous for its pendulous branches, which hang downward toward the ground. It is a fast-growing tree, but it has a relatively short lifespan. Most of these trees live between 40 and 75 years.

Claude Monet, Weeping Willow
Claude Monet, Weeping Willow

Understanding the biology of *Salix babylonica* requires looking at its specific growth patterns. The tree features yellowish-brown shoots that hold small buds. Its leaves are arranged in an alternate, spiral pattern along the stems. These leaves are long, narrow, and light green with finely serrate margins, which means they have tiny teeth along the edges. In the autumn, the leaves change to a gold-yellow color. The tree is also dioecious. This term means that male and female flowers grow on entirely separate trees. In early spring, the flowers appear in clusters called catkins.

There are several distinct types and varieties of this willow. One well-known cultivar is 'Babylon,' also called 'Napoleon,' which shows the typical weeping branches. Another variety, 'Crispa,' is a mutant that produces spirally curled leaves. Some people also plant the 'corkscrew willow,' which is a variety of *Salix matsudana* called *tortuosa*. This version has upright, twisted, and contorted branches. Many of the trees seen in parks are actually hybrids. A hybrid is a plant created by crossing two different species. For example, *Salix × sepulcralis* 'Chrysocoma' is a hybrid of *S. alba* and *S. babylonica*. These hybrids often have bright yellowish branchlets.

Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh
Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh

History shows that humans have interacted with this tree for millennia. *Salix babylonica* is native to dry areas of northern China, Korea, Mongolia, Japan, and Siberia. It was cultivated for thousands of years in Asia and traded along the Silk Road to Europe and southwest Asia. In 1736, the scientist Carl Linnaeus officially named the species. He based his description on a pendulous-branched variant found in the Clifford garden in the Netherlands. Interestingly, these trees were introduced to England from Aleppo, Syria, in 1730. Since then, they have become naturalized in many areas, growing well in parks and along rivers.

Despite its beauty, the tree faces certain environmental challenges. In the humid climates of Europe and eastern North America, it can be susceptible to a disease called willow anthracnose. This canker disease is caused by the fungus *Marssonina salicicola*. This infection can make the trees look unsightly and significantly shorten their lives. Additionally, *S. babylonica* can be sensitive to late-spring frosts. Because of these sensitivities, many gardeners prefer to plant the hybrid derivatives mentioned earlier. These hybrids are often better adapted to the humid regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh
Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh

The tree also serves important practical purposes in different parts of the world. In northern China, the Peking willow is used as an ornamental tree. It is also grown for wood production and for use in shelterbelts. A shelterbelt is a line of trees planted to protect land from wind. Near the oases of the Gobi Desert, these trees protect agricultural land from harsh desert winds. Furthermore, weeping willow tea has been reported to help root a variety of other plants. This includes plants like goji, Himalayan raspberry, limequat, honeyberry, and lemon verbena.

There is also a famous linguistic connection regarding the tree's name. The name "Babylon willow" comes from a historical misunderstanding by Carl Linnaeus. He associated the tree with descriptions in the Bible, specifically Psalm 137. The Latin text used the word "salicibus," which refers to the genus *Salix*. However, the trees growing by the Euphrates River in ancient Mesopotamia were actually poplars, not willows. These were part of the genus *Populus*, such as the Euphrates poplar (*Populus euphratica*). While both genera belong to the same willow family, *Salicaceae*, they are distinct types of trees.

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File:Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh.jpg
Wollman Weeping Willows turning jeh.jpg
File:Claude Monet, Weeping Willow.JPG
Claude Monet, Weeping Willow.JPG
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