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Rectus abdominis muscle

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

The rectus abdominis is a pair of segmented skeletal muscles located on the ventral aspect of the abdomen. Most people know these muscles by their informal names, such as the "abs" or a "six-pack." These muscles are vital for maintaining posture and supporting many bodily functions. They are contained within a protective layer called the rectus sheath. This sheath is made from the aponeuroses, or flat sheets of connective tissue, of the lateral abdominal muscles.

To understand how the muscle is built, we must look at its specific boundaries and divisions. The muscle extends from the xiphoid process and the costal cartilages of the 5th to 7th ribs at the top. At the bottom, it attaches to the pubic symphysis, the pubic crest, and the pubic tubercle. The two sides of the muscle are separated at the midline by a dense band of connective tissue called the linea alba. On the outer edges, the linea semilunaris defines the lateral margins. Each muscle is also divided into smaller parts called muscle bellies by bands of connective tissue known as tendinous intersections.

When the rectus abdominis performs a task, its physical structure changes. For example, tensing the muscle causes it to expand between each tendinous intersection. This muscle is a primary driver for flexing the lumbar spine, which is the movement used during a crunch. It can also move the pelvis toward the rib cage, a movement called a posterior pelvic tilt. This occurs during exercises like a leg-hip raise when the rib cage is held fixed. If neither the ribs nor the pelvis are fixed, the muscle can bring both parts together simultaneously.

The muscle requires a complex system of blood and nerves to function. The blood supply comes from several arterial sources. The inferior epigastric artery and vein run upward on the posterior surface to serve the lower muscle. The superior epigastric artery, which comes from the internal thoracic artery, supplies the upper portion. Additionally, the lower six intercostal arteries provide small segmental contributions. To control movement, the muscle is innervated by thoraco-abdominal nerves. These are continuations of the T7-T11 intercostal nerves that pierce the rectus sheath.

Physical measurements of the rectus abdominis vary based on an individual's activity level. The muscle is typically around 10 mm thick in most people. However, some athletes can possess a rectus abdominis that is up to 20 mm thick. The total volume of the muscle also changes with training. In non-active individuals, the typical volume is approximately 300 cm3. In contrast, athletes often have a larger volume of around 500 cm3.

Beyond movement, the rectus abdominis plays a role in internal bodily processes. It assists with breathing, specifically during forceful exhalation. This is necessary after intense exercise or during conditions like emphysema. The muscle also helps maintain intra-abdominal pressure. This pressure is important when lifting heavy weights or during childbirth, also known as parturition. It also helps keep the internal organs intact within the abdominal cavity.

Sometimes, the muscle can suffer from injuries or medical conditions. An abdominal muscle strain, or a "pulled muscle," happens when the muscle is stretched too far. This causes the muscle fibers to tear. While many tears are microscopic, severe injuries can cause the muscle to rupture from its attachment. Another condition is a rectus sheath hematoma, which is an accumulation of blood within the sheath. This can be caused by a muscular tear or the rupture of an epigastric artery. Factors like trauma, abdominal surgery, pregnancy, or the use of anticoagulant medications can contribute to these issues.

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