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Pythagoras

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Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and polymath.

Pythagore-chartres
Pythagore-chartres

He is considered the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism, a way of life and a belief system. This means his name is used to describe the group of people who followed his teachings. Pythagoras is often called the first person to describe himself as a "philosopher," which means a "lover of wisdom." His ideas were very influential in the ancient world. They shaped the thoughts of famous thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Through them, his ideas helped build the foundation of Western philosophy.

Because no authentic writings from Pythagoras have survived, much of what we know comes from later sources.

Gaffurio Pythagoras
Gaffurio Pythagoras

These sources, such as the biographies by Diogenes Laërtius and Porphyry, often include myths and legends. Some historians believe these stories became more fantastic as time passed. However, some parts of these accounts may come from reliable writings by Aristotle's students. We do not know for certain which parts of his life are true. We only know that his influence on math, science, and religion was massive.

Pythagoras was likely born around 570 BC on the Greek island of Samos.

Bronnikov gimnpifagoreizev
Bronnikov gimnpifagoreizev

His father, Mnesarchus, was said to be a gem-engraver or a wealthy merchant. Some ancient stories claim his mother, Pythaïs, was a descendant of a mythical founder of Samos. During his youth, Samos was a major center for trade and culture. It was a place where people from the Near East brought new ideas and traditions. This environment likely helped shape his early understanding of the world.

Many ancient writers claimed that Pythagoras traveled to many far-off lands to learn.

Do Not Eat Beans
Do Not Eat Beans

Some stories say he studied with Egyptian priests at Diospolis. Others suggest he learned from the Magi in Persia or the Phoenicians. Some even claimed he studied with sages in India or the Celts. While these stories are hard to prove, they show how people viewed him. They saw him as a man who gathered wisdom from every known civilization. Some believe he even learned his mathematical and astronomical skills from the Chaldeans.

Around 530 BC, Pythagoras moved to Croton in southern Italy, then known as Magna Graecia.

Pythagorean
Pythagorean

There, he established a school where followers lived a communal and ascetic lifestyle. An ascetic lifestyle is one where people live very simply and avoid luxury. His followers were often sworn to secrecy regarding their teachings. He was a charismatic leader and gave advice to the local elites. This gave him great political influence in the region of Croton.

Pythagoras is credited with many scientific and mathematical discoveries.

Pythagore-chartres
Pythagore-chartres

He is famously linked to the Pythagorean theorem, a fundamental rule in geometry. He also explored the theory of proportions and the five regular solids. Some ancient accounts credit him with understanding the sphericity of the Earth. He may have identified the planet Venus as both the morning and evening star. He also proposed that the Earth is divided into five different climatic zones. Some believe he even proposed the idea of *musica universalis*, or the music of the spheres. This is the idea that planets move according to mathematical ratios, creating a silent symphony.

One of his most central teachings was metempsychosis, also known as the transmigration of souls.

This belief holds that every soul is immortal. According to this idea, after death, a soul enters a new body. This concept had a lasting impact on later thought. It is even linked to the roots of the modern vegetarian movement. His teachings were so powerful that they were revived centuries later during the rise of Neopythagoreanism.

Pythagoras's life faced a difficult end due to political conflict.

Bronnikov gimnpifagoreizev
Bronnikov gimnpifagoreizev

Around 510 BC, after Croton defeated the nearby city of Sybaris, political tensions rose. Pythagoras's followers clashed with people who supported democracy. During this time of persecution, their meeting houses were burned down. Historians are not sure if Pythagoras was killed during this conflict. He may have escaped to Metapontum and died there instead. Despite this, his mathematical and philosophical legacy continued to influence scientists like Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler.

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Do Not Eat Beans.jpg
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Pythagorean.svg
File:Gaffurio Pythagoras.png
Gaffurio Pythagoras.png
File:Giovanni Paolo Panini - Interior of the Pantheon, Rome - Google Art Project.jpg
Giovanni Paolo Panini - Interior of the...
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Pythagore-chartres.jpg
File:Pythagoras advocating vegetarianism (1618-20); Peter Paul Rubens.jpg
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