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Pteropus

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The genus *Pteropus* contains a group of large bats known as megabats.

Flying-Fox-Bat
Flying-Fox-Bat

They are commonly called flying foxes or fruit bats. These animals are vital to the health of many ecosystems. They assist in forest regeneration through seed dispersal. They also act as pollinators for various plants. There are at least 60 different species within this genus. They live in tropical and subtropical climates across South Asia and Southeast Asia. You can also find them in Australia, East Africa, and many islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Flying foxes possess unique physical traits that set them apart from other bats. Their heads resemble small foxes due to their large eyes and small ears.

CSIRO ScienceImage 3220 Spectacled flying fox
CSIRO ScienceImage 3220 Spectacled flying fox

They lack tails and have long, silky fur called pelage. Many species feature a "mantle" of contrasting colored fur on their shoulders and heads. Unlike microbats, flying foxes have a claw on both their thumbs and their index fingers. Their skulls are complex structures made of 24 bones. The braincase is notably large and bulbous. This large brain size results in a high encephalization quotient of 1.20. This value is similar to the brain-to-body ratio found in domestic dogs.

Because they cannot echolocate, flying foxes rely on different senses to survive. They use keen eyesight to navigate through the dark. Their eyes are positioned on the front of the head to provide binocular vision. They have rods for seeing in low light and cones to detect color. However, cones only make up 0.5% of their photoreceptors. They also rely heavily on a strong sense of smell to find food. Large olfactory bulbs help them process scents for food, mates, and pups. Males even use specialized glands on their shoulders to mark their territory with scent.

Grey headed flying fox - skimming water - AndrewMercer - DSC00530
Grey headed flying fox - skimming water - AndrewMercer - DSC00530

Size and weight vary significantly across the different species. The large flying fox has the longest forearm and wingspan of any bat species. It can reach a wingspan of 1.5 meters and weigh up to 1 kilogram. The Indian flying fox is also quite heavy at 900 grams. In contrast, smaller species like the dwarf flying fox weigh less than 500 grams.

Pteropus giganteus colony
Pteropus giganteus colony

Most species follow a slow life history. Females typically produce only one offspring, or pup, per year. This low reproductive rate makes their populations vulnerable to natural disasters and overhunting. In modern times, overhunting has already caused the extinction of six species.

History and scientific naming provide context for our understanding of these bats. The name *Pteropus* comes from Ancient Greek words for "wing" and "foot."

Pteropus melanotus 04 MWNH 237
Pteropus melanotus 04 MWNH 237

French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson coined the name in 1762. There was a historical debate regarding the authority of the name. Some scientists preferred the work of German naturalist Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben. However, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature eventually decided to retain Brisson as the authority. The Mauritian flying fox, *Pteropus niger*, is designated as the type species for the genus.

Flying foxes have deep connections to human culture and health. Some indigenous groups include them in traditional art, folklore, and weaponry.

Red infill flying fox - Google Art Project
Red infill flying fox - Google Art Project

Historically, their teeth and fur were even used as forms of currency. Some cultures continue to use their teeth as money today.

Flying fox cord
Flying fox cord

On a more serious note, they are reservoirs for certain diseases. They can transmit the Hendra virus and the Australian bat lyssavirus. The Nipah virus is also transmitted by these bats. This virus has been linked to over 100 human fatalities.

Understanding the life cycle of a flying fox reveals their complex social nature. Most species are polygynandrous, meaning individuals mate with several partners. The Samoa flying fox is a rare example of a monogamous species.

Pteropus conspicillatus with baby
Pteropus conspicillatus with baby

Females have a gestation period lasting between 140 and 190 days. Pups are born "altricial," which means they are underdeveloped and depend on their mothers. A newborn pup weighs about 12% of its mother's weight. Pups cling to their mother's abdomen using their teeth and thumb claws. They usually fledge at three months old but may stay with their mothers until they are one year old.

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🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:Grey headed flying fox - skimming water - AndrewMercer - DSC00530.jpg
Grey headed flying fox - skimming water -...
File:Flying-Fox-Bat.jpg
Flying-Fox-Bat.jpg
File:Pteropus melanotus 04 MWNH 237.jpg
Pteropus melanotus 04 MWNH 237.jpg
File:CSIRO ScienceImage 3220 Spectacled flying fox.jpg
CSIRO ScienceImage 3220 Spectacled flying fox.jpg
File:Pteropus conspicillatus with baby.jpg
Pteropus conspicillatus with baby.jpg
File:Pteropus giganteus colony.JPG
Pteropus giganteus colony.JPG
File:Flying fox conservation status.jpg
Flying fox conservation status.jpg
File:Greyheadedflyingfoxbabies2008canungra.jpg
Greyheadedflyingfoxbabies2008canungra.jpg
File:MasoalaHalle Turm.jpg
MasoalaHalle Turm.jpg
File:Paniki Rica Cabai Hijau.JPG
Paniki Rica Cabai Hijau.JPG
File:Date Palm Sap Collection - Taki - North 24 Parganas 2015-01-13 4731.JPG
Date Palm Sap Collection - Taki - North...
File:Hendra-distribution-map.jpg
Hendra-distribution-map.jpg

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