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Pliny the Elder

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Gaius Plinius Secundus was a prominent Roman author, naturalist, and military leader.

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and Lake Como
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and Lake Como

He is most commonly known today as Pliny the Elder. Pliny was a member of the Plinia gens, a prosperous family. He was born in the city of Como, located in the region of Gallia Transpadana. His father was an equestrian named Gaius Plinius Celer. His mother was named Marcella. Pliny did not take his father's name, Celer. Instead, he used the name Secundus. This choice founded a new branch of his family called the Plinii Secundi.

Head Titus Glyptothek Munich 338
Head Titus Glyptothek Munich 338

Pliny's career in the Roman army began in AD 46. He entered the service as a junior officer at age 23. This was the custom for men of his equestrian rank. He first served as a praefectus cohortis, or commander of an infantry cohort. He worked under the commander Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in Germania Inferior. During this time, Pliny participated in the Roman conquest of the Chauci. He also witnessed the construction of a canal between the Maas and Rhine rivers. His writings suggest he saw Roman ships fighting off floating trees in the stream.

Castra-vetera
Castra-vetera

As his military career progressed, Pliny received several promotions. He later served as a military tribune in Germania Superior. This was a staff position where he worked closely with the district commander. He became a close friend of the commander Publius Pomponius Secundus. Pliny was eventually transferred back to Germania Inferior. There, he held the rank of praefectus alae. This meant he commanded a cavalry wing of approximately 480 men.

Plinio praefecto
Plinio praefecto

During this period, he wrote a book titled De Jaculatione Equestri. This work focused on how cavalrymen used missiles while riding horses.

Pliny was a prolific writer who produced seven different works. These works spanned a total of 102 volumes. His most significant achievement was the Natural History. This was a massive, thirty-seven-volume encyclopedia. It covered a vast array of topics regarding the natural world and human knowledge. The structure of this work became an editorial model for future encyclopedias. While many of his books are lost, Natural History remains a vital source.

It provides a deep look into the scientific understanding of the Roman era.

Other works by Pliny were also highly influential, even if they did not survive. One lost work was the Bella Germaniae, a twenty-volume history of Roman wars in Germania. This text served as a primary source for famous Roman historians. Writers such as Tacitus, Plutarch, and Suetonius all used his research. Tacitus likely used Bella Germaniae for his own work regarding the Germani. Pliny also wrote a thirty-one-volume history titled A fine Aufidii Bassi. This work expanded upon earlier historical writings to cover the era of his own time.

Pliny's life in Rome was marked by both study and high-level social connections. He was a friend to the emperor Vespasian. During the reign of Nero, Pliny focused on his legal practice and his research. He witnessed the construction of the Domus Aurea, or Golden House, after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. His nephew, Pliny the Younger, described his uncle as a "good Roman." This meant Pliny strictly followed the traditional customs of their ancestors. He maintained a disciplined life, including eating light and simple breakfasts.

Porta Nigra morgens (100MP)
Porta Nigra morgens (100MP)

Pliny's life came to an end during a major natural disaster in AD 79. The volcano Mount Vesuvius erupted near the city of Stabiae.

Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02
Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02

Pliny was at Stabiae when the eruption began. Rather than simply observing the event, he attempted to lead a rescue operation. He sought to save people from the dangers of the volcano. He died during this mission at approximately 56 years of age. After his death, his nephew Pliny the Younger inherited his entire estate. Pliny's legacy lives on through the scientific and historical knowledge he preserved.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Plinio praefecto.jpg
Plinio praefecto.jpg
File:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and Lake Como.jpg
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot - Como and...
File:Castra-vetera.jpg
Castra-vetera.jpg
File:Head Titus Glyptothek Munich 338.jpg
Head Titus Glyptothek Munich 338.jpg
File:Vespasiano, 80 dc ca, s.n..JPG
Vespasiano, 80 dc ca, s.n..JPG
File:Palmeraie gabès2.jpg
Palmeraie gabès2.jpg
File:Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg
Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg
File:Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
Porta Nigra morgens (100MP).jpg
File:Laocoön and his sons group.jpg
Laocoön and his sons group.jpg
File:Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02.jpg
Pompeii Garden of the Fugitives 02.jpg
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