Orthopedic surgery

Doctors help fix your bones and muscles.

They help if you get hurt. They can fix a broken bone. They also help with back problems.

Long ago, doctors used horse blood to make splints. Splints are hard wraps that keep bones still. Later, a man made casts out of plaster. These help bones heal in the right place.

Some doctors use special tools to fix bodies. One man used parts from a bicycle. He used them to help bones grow.

Doctors can even use metal parts for joints. This can help a hip work well again. It helps people move and play. Science helps our bodies stay strong.

Orthopedic surgery is a way to treat the body.

It focuses on the musculoskeletal system. This is the group of parts that includes bones, muscles, and joints. Surgeons help people with broken bones or sports injuries. They also treat diseases of the spine.

In the past, doctors used simple tools. In the Middle Ages, they used blood from horses to make splints. A splint is a hard wrap that keeps a bone still. Later, a man named Antonius Mathijsen made plaster casts in 1851.

Modern tools are much more advanced.

One doctor named Sir John Charnley helped create the modern hip replacement. He used metal and special plastic to fix joints. This helped people move better. Another doctor, Gavriil Ilizarov, used parts from a bicycle to help bones heal. His tool used rings and wires like bicycle spokes. Today, surgeons use many new ways to help the body heal and stay strong.

Orthopedic surgery is a special branch of medicine. It focuses on the musculoskeletal system. This system includes your bones, muscles, and joints.

Surgeons work to fix many different problems. They treat broken bones and sports injuries. They also help with spine diseases and infections. Some surgeons even treat tumors or bone issues people are born with. This work is very important for helping people move well.

There are many ways these doctors help the body. Some methods do not require surgery at all. Surgeons might use exercises or special braces to help. Other times, they must perform a surgical procedure. One way is called percutaneous tenotomy. This is when a doctor cuts a tendon to help a deformity. They might also use a splint to keep a bone still. A splint helps a broken part stay in the right place while it heals.

This field has a very long history. The name came from a man named Nicolas Andry. He was a professor in France in 1741. He used Greek words that mean "correct" and "child."

At first, the work was mostly for helping children. In the Middle Ages, people used horse blood to make stiff bandages. Later, Antonius Mathijsen invented the plaster of Paris cast in 1851. These early steps helped lead to the tools we use today.

Many clever people made big discoveries over time. Hugh Owen Thomas created a special splint for leg bones. His work helped many soldiers during the First World War.

Sir John Charnley later pioneered the modern hip replacement in the 1960s. He used stainless steel and a special plastic to fix joints. In the USSR, Gavriil Ilizarov used bicycle parts to make a tool for bones. This tool used rings and wires like bicycle spokes to help healing.

Today, orthopedic surgery is a very large field. In the United States, about 20,400 people work in this area.

Doctors can choose to study very specific parts of the body. Some focus only on the hands or the feet. Others might specialize in the spine or sports medicine. This allows them to become experts in how certain parts work. It helps them provide the best care for every patient.

Orthopedic surgery is a specialized medical branch focused on the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, and tendons that allow the body to move.

Orthopedic surgeons address a wide variety of conditions through both surgical and nonsurgical methods. They treat musculoskeletal trauma, such as broken bones, and various diseases affecting the spine. Surgeons also manage sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders. These are conditions that people are born with. By treating these issues, orthopedic specialists help maintain human mobility and physical function.

Treatment methods vary depending on the specific injury or disease. Some surgeons use nonsurgical means like exercise, manipulation, or bracing to correct alignment. One early surgical method was percutaneous tenotomy, which involved cutting a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon, to treat deformities. In modern practice, surgeons often use implants to stabilize the body. For example, intramedullary rods are metal rods placed inside the bone to treat fractures of the femur or tibia. Another method is external fixation, where hardware is placed outside the body to hold bones in place. This can include devices like the Ilizarov apparatus, which uses rings and wires to realign or lengthen bones.

There are many different subspecialties within the field of orthopedics. Surgeons may undergo fellowship training to become experts in a specific area. Some focus on pediatric orthopedics, which is the care of children's skeletal issues. Others specialize in hand and upper extremity surgery, or foot and ankle surgery. Some surgeons focus on orthopedic oncology, which involves treating bone tumors. Other specialized paths include spine surgery, shoulder and elbow surgery, and sports medicine. There are even specialists for orthopedic trauma and total joint reconstruction, known as arthroplasty.

The history of orthopedics began with a focus on children. In 1741, Nicolas Andry, a professor in France, coined the term "orthopedics." The word comes from the Greek words for "correct" and "child."

Early treatments were often unsanitary, such as using bandages soaked in horse blood during the Middle Ages. In 1780, Jean-André Venel opened the first orthopedic institute specifically for children. He developed special shoes for club-foot and methods for spinal curvature. Over time, the field expanded from treating children to managing bone and spinal issues for people of all ages.

Many innovators have shaped modern orthopedic techniques through wartime experience and research. Hugh Owen Thomas, a Welsh surgeon, developed the "Thomas splint" to stabilize fractured femurs. During the First World War, his techniques helped reduce the mortality rate of open femur fractures from 87% to less than 8%.

Sir Robert Jones, his nephew, organized the first comprehensive accident service for workers at the Manchester Ship Canal. In the 1960s, Sir John Charnley pioneered modern total hip replacement. He used a stainless steel femoral stem and a polyethylene component held by bone cement. This work created the foundation for almost all modern hip implants used today.

Technological advances continue to change how surgeons approach complex repairs. In the USSR, Gavriil Ilizarov used parts from a bicycle shop to create ring external fixators. These devices allowed for the healing and lengthening of bones in difficult conditions. In the United States, researchers at Harborview Medical Center popularized intramedullary fixation without opening the fracture site.

Modern research also focuses on making implants more durable and making surgeries less invasive. Surgeons are also working to balance effective pain management with the need to decrease the prescription of opioid medications.

Becoming an orthopedic surgeon requires extensive and competitive medical training. In the United States, students typically complete four years of undergraduate study and four years of medical school. After earning an MD or DO degree, they must complete a five-year residency in orthopedic surgery. This training is highly competitive, with roughly 700 physicians completing residency each year in the U.S. Currently, there are about 20,400 actively practicing orthopedic surgeons and residents in the country. This specialized training ensures that surgeons can handle the complex mechanics of the human musculoskeletal system.