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Noise

physical science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Noise is often defined as unwanted, unintentional, or harmful sound. It is considered unpleasant or disruptive to a person's mental state or hearing. From a purely physical standpoint, scientists see no difference between noise and desired sounds like music. Both are simply vibrations traveling through a medium, such as air or water. The distinction only occurs when a brain receives and perceives the sound in a specific way. This perception turns a simple vibration into something categorized as noise.

Photo The urban police of Milan while using a noise measurement device for sound level control on city streets 1955 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0626
Photo The urban police of Milan while using a noise measurement device for sound level control on city streets 1955 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0626

To understand noise, we must look at how sound waves function. Sound is measured by two primary characteristics: amplitude and frequency. Amplitude describes how forceful a sound wave is. This intensity is measured in decibels (dB) using a logarithmic scale. Frequency describes the pitch of the sound and is measured in hertz (Hz). The most common tool for measuring sound in the air is the Sound Level Meter. In specific settings, experts use different tools for different jobs. Noise Dosimeters are used in occupational environments to track exposure. Noise monitors track environmental noise, while some people even use smartphone apps to map community noise.

Noise Research Program on Hangar Apron - GPN-2000-001457
Noise Research Program on Hangar Apron - GPN-2000-001457

Because human hearing is not equally sensitive to all frequencies, scientists use a special filter. This is called A-weighting, which adjusts the sound spectrum to represent what humans actually hear. When this filter is applied, the measurement is expressed in decibels A-weighted, or dBA. This scale allows for a standardized way to discuss loudness. For example, 0 dBA is the softest level a person can hear. A normal human speaking voice is approximately 65 dBA. In contrast, a loud rock concert can reach about 120 dBA.

20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes
20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes

Noise can appear in many different forms depending on the field of study. In audio engineering, noise refers to unwanted residual signals. These can be acoustic, such as sounds from loudspeakers, or electronic, which often sound like a hiss. There are four major types of audio noise: hiss, rumble, crackle, and hum. These can be caused by recording equipment, the instruments themselves, or the room. In experimental sciences, noise refers to random fluctuations in data. These fluctuations can make it difficult for researchers to perceive a specific signal.

Photo The urban police of Milan while using a noise measurement device for sound level control on city streets 1955 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0626
Photo The urban police of Milan while using a noise measurement device for sound level control on city streets 1955 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0626

Environmental noise is the total accumulation of all noise in a specific area. Major sources include aircraft, trains, industrial sites, and motor vehicles. This buildup is often called noise pollution. High levels of noise pollution can lead to significant health consequences. These include hearing loss, cardiovascular disease, and high blood pressure. It can also cause sleep disturbances, injuries, and decreased school performance. Even psychological effects, such as annoyance and psychiatric disorders, are linked to noise.

20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes
20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes

To protect public health, many governments have established noise regulations. In the United States, the Noise Control Act was passed in 1972. This act aimed to promote healthy living and establish federal standards for commercial products. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was authorized to study noise and evaluate regulations. In the workplace, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provides safety recommendations. They set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 85 dBA for an 8-hour workday. This limit uses a 3-dB exchange rate. This means if the noise increases by 3 dB, the allowed exposure time must be cut in half. For instance, at 88 dBA, a worker should only be exposed for 4 hours.

Noise Research Program on Hangar Apron - GPN-2000-001457
Noise Research Program on Hangar Apron - GPN-2000-001457

Regulation and mitigation strategies exist to reduce these risks. Strategies include land-use planning, noise barriers, and sound baffles. In Europe, the European Environment Agency regulates noise through the Environmental Noise Directive. This directive aims to increase public access to information and reduce environmental noise. They even regulate underwater noise as a pollutant under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. While noise-induced hearing loss is permanent, it is often preventable through these rules and proper hearing protection.

20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes
20230609 Average noise levels outside US homes
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