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Navajo

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The Navajo are an Indigenous People of the Southwestern United States.

Map of Navajo Americans in 2023
Map of Navajo Americans in 2023

They refer to themselves as the Diné, which means "the people."

Navajo flag
Navajo flag

The Navajo Nation is a major political and cultural entity. It is the second largest federally recognized tribe in the United States.

16 21 2006 monument valley
16 21 2006 monument valley

The Navajo Nation holds the largest reservation in the country. This land spans the Four Corners region. It covers parts of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The reservation area is larger than the state of West Virginia. Today, there are more than 399,494 enrolled tribal citizens. Most of these people live in Arizona and New Mexico.

Navajo woman & child
Navajo woman & child

The Navajo language is a Southern Athabaskan language.

Hastobíga, Navaho Medicine man
Hastobíga, Navaho Medicine man

The Diné call their language "Diné Bizaad," which means "the people's language." This language has two geographic dialects that are mutually intelligible. This means speakers of different dialects can understand each other. The language is closely related to the Apache language. Some Navajo people also use Navajo Sign Language. This may be a dialect or a daughter of Plains Sign Talk. The language remains a vital part of their cultural identity.

History suggests the Diné migrated from the north. They likely moved from northwestern Canada and eastern Alaska. This southward migration of Athabaskan peoples happened about 1,000 years ago.

Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861
Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861

Some researchers suggest a volcanic explosion in the Saint Elias Mountains of Alaska caused this. This event occurred around 803 AD. The migration likely followed the Rocky Mountains.

Upon arriving in the Southwest, the Navajo were hunters and gatherers. They later adopted farming from the Pueblo people. They grew the "Three Sisters," which are corn, beans, and squash. Later, they adopted sheep and goat herding from the Spaniards.

Navajo Sheep
Navajo Sheep

Spanish contact changed Navajo life and economy.

Navajo sheep & weaver
Navajo sheep & weaver

In the 16th century, the Pueblo people traded maize and cotton for Navajo bison meat and hides. By the 18th century, the Navajo maintained large herds of livestock.

Sheep became essential for food and trade. They also became a form of currency and a symbol of familial status. This led to a rich tradition of textile arts. Women began to spin and weave wool into blankets and clothing.

These items became highly valued artistic expressions. They were used for trade and were sold to others.

The 19th century brought intense conflict with the United States.

Navajo Woman and Infant, Canyon de Chelle, Arizona (Canyon de Chelly National Monument), 1933 - 1942 - NARA - 519947
Navajo Woman and Infant, Canyon de Chelle, Arizona (Canyon de Chelly National Monument), 1933 - 1942 - NARA - 519947

In 1863, Colonel Kit Carson used harsh tactics against the Navajo. He destroyed crops, dwellings, and fouled wells. This forced many Navajo to seek relief at Fort Defiance. In 1864, the U.S. Army forced about 9,000 Navajo people to walk to Fort Sumner. This journey is known as the "Long Walk." The internment at Bosque Redondo was a disaster. There was not enough water, wood, or food for the 4,000 to 5,000 people there. Many suffered from disease, starvation, and cold. The Navajo call this period "the Fearing Time." In 1868, a treaty allowed the survivors to return to their homeland.

Since the reservation era began, the Navajo have maintained strong traditions.

Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London
Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London

They developed the Navajo Tribal Police in the 1870s. The tribe also expanded its reservation size over time. Artistic traditions continue to flourish in many forms. These include colorful painting, beadwork, and silverwork.

Squash Blossom Necklace by Annie Eagle
Squash Blossom Necklace by Annie Eagle

Silver jewelry, such as pieces with conchos, is a notable craft.

Navajowithsilver1891
Navajowithsilver1891

Weaving also remains a central skill.

These arts connect the Diné to their history and their land. The Navajo remain a resilient and significant part of the American Southwest.

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🖼️ Images & Media (19)
File:19th century knowledge indian lore navaho house.jpg
19th century knowledge indian lore navaho...
File:Navaho spinning and weaving page 928.png
Navaho spinning and weaving page 928.png
File:Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861.jpg
Eingeborene des nördlichen Neu-Mexiko 1861.jpg
File:Navajo woman & child.jpg
Navajo woman & child.jpg
File:Navajo_flag.svg
Navajo_flag.svg
File:Navajo Woman and Infant, Canyon de Chelle, Arizona (Canyon de Chelly National Monument), 1933 - 1942 - NARA - 519947.jpg
Navajo Woman and Infant, Canyon de...
File:General douglas macarthur meets american indian troops wwii military pacific navajo pima island hopping.JPG
General douglas macarthur meets american...
File:Navajo Sheep.jpg
Navajo Sheep.jpg
File:16 21 2006 monument valley.jpg
16 21 2006 monument valley.jpg
File:Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg
Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers....
File:Hastobíga, Navaho Medicine man.jpg
Hastobíga, Navaho Medicine man.jpg
File:Frybread taco.jpg
Frybread taco.jpg

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