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Nastasen

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Nastasen was a powerful monarch of the Kingdom of Kush. He ruled this ancient African kingdom from 335 to 315/310 BCE.

Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown
Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown

Historians identify him through several distinct archaeological artifacts. These include a large granite stela with historical inscriptions. They also include a silver mirror handle and several small shabti figures. Shabti are small statues placed in tombs. These objects provide a window into his life and reign.

We learn about Nastasen's family through his monuments. A granite stela was discovered at New Dongola. It is now kept in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin. This stela was likely originally located in the Amun temple at Jebel Barkal. The upper portion of the stone features detailed carvings. These images show the king alongside two important women. One is his mother, Queen Pelkha. The other is his wife, Queen Sekhmakh.

King-Nastasen-Queen-Pelka-Queen-Sakhmakh
King-Nastasen-Queen-Pelka-Queen-Sakhmakh

These depictions highlight his royal connections and lineage.

Nastasen's reign was marked by military conflict. He successfully defended his kingdom against an invasion from Upper Egypt. The stela names the leader of this invasion as Kambasuten. Scholars believe this name is a local variation of Khabbash. Khabbash was a local ruler of Upper Egypt. He had previously campaigned against the Persians around 338 BCE. However, his attempt to invade Kush ended in failure. Nastasen claimed victory and took many war prizes. These prizes included many fine boats from the defeated forces.

After his death, Nastasen was buried in a pyramid at Nuri. He holds a significant place in Kushite history. He was the final Kushite king to be buried in the royal cemetery at Napata.

Nastasen's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan, North-east Africa
Nastasen's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan, North-east Africa

His tomb is located in the 4th cataract Nubian region. This area is currently facing challenges due to rising ground waters. These waters come from the nearby Nile River. This environmental change has transformed how we study his final resting place.

Archaeologists first attempted to excavate his tomb in 1913. This early mission faced difficult physical obstacles. The burial chambers were flooded with water. The team had to abandon their work after finding only one shabti. This single statue helped confirm that the tomb belonged to Nastasen. Despite the early failure, the tomb remained largely untouched. The flooding of the Nile actually acted as a shield. It prevented grave robbers from reaching the treasures inside. Gold remained lying directly on the floor of the chamber.

Modern science now uses underwater archaeology to explore the site. Archaeologist Pearce Paul Creasman leads the Nuri Archaeological Expedition. His team uses specialized diving methods to reach the flooded tombs. These expeditions have revealed many incredible details. Divers have recovered pieces of gold leaf from the water. They also discovered a bone fragment inside a gold toe cap. Scientists believe this fragment belonged to King Nastasen himself.

Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown
Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown

This discovery connects the physical remains directly to the historical ruler.

The study of Nastasen connects several important historical fields. It combines the study of ancient kings with modern underwater science. It also links the history of Kush with the history of Egypt. By studying his victory over Kambasuten, we see the politics of the 4th century BCE. We see how local rulers interacted with larger powers like the Persians. The preservation of his tomb by the Nile offers a unique case study. It shows how natural processes can accidentally protect human history from destruction.

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File:Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown.jpg
Portrait of Nastasen, with Kushite crown.jpg
File:King-Nastasen-Queen-Pelka-Queen-Sakhmakh.jpg
King-Nastasen-Queen-Pelka-Queen-Sakhmakh.jpg
File:Nastasen's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan, North-east Africa.jpg
Nastasen's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan,...
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