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Music genre

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A music genre is a conventional category used to identify musical pieces. These pieces belong to a shared tradition or a specific set of conventions. While people often use the terms genre, style, and form interchangeably, they are actually distinct. Douglass M. Green, author of "Form in Tonal Music," explains this difference clearly. He notes that two pieces can share the same genre but have different forms. For example, Beethoven's Op. 61 and Mendelssohn's Op. 64 are both violin concertos. Because they are both violin concertos, they share the same genre. However, their musical forms are not identical. Conversely, Mozart's Rondo for Piano, K. 511, and his Agnus Dei from Mass, K. 317, share a similar form. Yet, they belong to quite different genres.

Sonolite
Sonolite

How do we define the rules of a genre? In 1982, Franco Fabbri proposed a normative definition. He stated that a musical genre is a set of musical events governed by socially accepted rules. A musical event is any activity involving sound. These rules are often defined by musical techniques and cultural contexts. They also include the content and the spirit of the themes. Some people use geographical origin to identify a genre. However, a single location often contains many different subgenres. Because music is an art form, these classifications can be subjective. This means people might disagree on which category a song belongs to. Some genres even overlap with one another.

Music can be broken down into many smaller parts. A subgenre is a subordinate category within a larger genre. It adopts the basic characteristics of the main genre but adds unique traits. These traits set it apart from other subgenres. Sometimes, a subgenre is simply called a style. When two or more genres intersect, they create a fusion genre. These pieces share characteristics from each parent genre. Jazz fusion is a combination of jazz and rock music. Country rock is another example, mixing country and rock. There are also microgenres, which are very niche categories. In the 20th century, the growth of popular music led to over 1,200 definable subgenres.

Metallica at the O2 Arena, March 28th 2009
Metallica at the O2 Arena, March 28th 2009

Genres often follow a genealogy, which is a history of how they developed. This is often shown through written charts. New genres usually arise from the influence of pre-existing styles. Philip Tagg proposed a way to classify music using a trichotomous distinction. This is a three-part system consisting of folk, art, and popular music. He argued that popular music is distinct due to its mass distribution. It uses non-written modes that create different patterns of production and consumption. This distinguishes it from art music, which is often preserved through notation.

John Scofield Kongsberg Jazzfestival 2017 (191409)
John Scofield Kongsberg Jazzfestival 2017 (191409)

Different frameworks allow us to categorize music in various ways. One approach uses three dimensions: arousal, valence, and depth. Arousal refers to physiological processes like stimulation or relaxation. A song might be intense and thrilling, or gentle and calming. Valence reflects emotions and moods, such as being happy or sad. Depth relates to cognitive processes, such as how complex or poetic a song feels. Another researcher, Vincenzo Caporaletti, proposed the Audiotactile Music Theory. He categorized music based on the formative medium used to create it. This includes written music, oral music, and audiotactile music. Audiotactile music relies on sound recording technologies. This category includes genres like jazz, pop, rock, and rap.

DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee
DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee

Art music and popular music represent two major categories. Art music includes classical traditions from many parts of the world. It emphasizes formal styles that invite detailed criticism. In Western practice, art music is a written tradition. It is preserved through musical notation rather than oral transmission. The identity of an art music piece is usually tied to the composer. Popular music is any style accessible to the general public. It is spread through mass media. The line between these two can sometimes blur. For example, film background music often draws from both traditions.

John Scofield Kongsberg Jazzfestival 2017 (191409)
John Scofield Kongsberg Jazzfestival 2017 (191409)

Specific genres have unique cultural histories. Country music emerged in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It grew from European folk music and African American spirituals. Electronic music uses digital instruments or circuitry-based technology. It ranges from experimental art to electronic dance music (EDM). Funk began in African American communities in the mid-1960s. It is a rhythmic, danceable mixture of soul, jazz, and R&B. Hip-hop emerged in New York City during the early 1970s. It is built on a subculture within African-American and Latino communities. Key markers include rapping, DJing, turntablism, and beatboxing.

DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee
DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee

Today, technology helps us organize these vast categories. Automatic methods use data mining to detect musical similarity. This helps classify music for electronic distribution. For example, Glenn McDonald at Spotify created a spectrum of genres. He used an algorithm to analyze 5,315 genre-shaped distinctions. This created a tool called Every Noise at Once. This tool uses a scatter-plot to show the musical genre-space. It allows listeners to see how different sounds relate to one another. This digital approach helps manage the massive amount of music available today.

DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee
DJ Hypnotize and Baby Cee
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