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Mujahideen

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The term mujahideen is the plural form of the Arabic word mujahid. It refers to individuals who engage in jihad. In Islamic jurisprudence, jihad is interpreted as a struggle on behalf of God, religion, or the community, known as the ummah. While the term is often associated with armed conflict in modern media, its roots include various meanings. In a post-classical sense, jihad could refer to spiritual acts. For example, sharing significant income with the poor was seen as a way to promote Islam. This demonstrates that the concept can encompass both spiritual and physical actions.

Historically, the use of the term has shifted across different regions and eras. In India, the word was used to describe Muslim resistance to British colonial rule. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, these fighters were said to recruit Indian sepoys into their ranks. In Central Asia, between 1916 and the 1930s, Islamic guerrillas fought against Tsarism and Bolshevism. These fighters called themselves mojahed to show they stood for Islam. However, Soviet authorities often referred to them as basmachi, which translates to bandits.

Afghan Muja crossing from Saohol Sar pass in Durand border region of Pakistan, August 1985
Afghan Muja crossing from Saohol Sar pass in Durand border region of Pakistan, August 1985

The most widespread modern use of the word began during the Soviet-Afghan War. This conflict lasted from 1979 to 1989. It involved a coalition of guerrilla groups opposing the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). The resistance movement was highly decentralized. It reflected the tribal nature of Afghan society, particularly among Pashtun groups in isolated mountains. At one point, seven main mujahideen parties formed a political bloc called the Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen. Despite this alliance, the groups were not under a single command and held different ideologies.

Foreign involvement was a significant part of the Afghan conflict. Many Muslims from other countries traveled to assist the various groups. Osama bin Laden, from a wealthy Saudi Arabian family, helped organize and finance an all-Arab group of volunteers. This group was known as the "Afghan Arabs" and was coordinated by Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. His organization, Maktab al-Khadamat, funneled money, arms, and fighters into the country. While governments like the United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia provided aid, most funding came from private donors. In fact, as little as 25% of the money for the Afghan jihad was supplied directly by states.

Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983
Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983

The aftermath of the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 led to significant instability. In February 1989, seven Sunni factions formed the Afghan Interim Government (AIG) in Peshawar. This government had been in exile in Pakistan since 1988. However, the AIG failed to create a united front. It struggled with internal factional differences and lacked support from Shia mujahideen factions. It also failed to gain support from followers of ex-King Mohammed Zahir Shah. Following the overthrow of the DRA in 1992, many groups fought each other for control of Kabul. This chaos eventually allowed a new movement, the Taliban, to emerge from a Pashtun village.

The term has also appeared in various other global contexts. In Cyprus, a paramilitary force was renamed Mücahit in 1967. In the Philippines, groups such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have engaged in conflicts. The MILF is a splinter group that seeks an Islamic state. In Myanmar, local mujahideen known as Furikka fought to secede from the country between 1947 and 1961. In Iran, the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI) advocates for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic. These examples show how the term is applied to diverse political and religious goals.

During the 1990s, the concept of jihadism underwent a transition. This period saw the emergence of contemporary jihadism following the Cold War. The Bosnian War from 1992 to 1995 also saw the arrival of foreign Muslim volunteers. These volunteers came to assist fellow Muslims in the region. Some contemporary newspaper reports estimated there were 4,000 foreign volunteers in Bosnia. However, later research suggests the number was closer to 400. These individuals came from places like Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Egypt, and Iraq. They were often organized into the 7th Muslim Brigade, known colloquially as El-Mudžahid.

Shababgains 2010
Shababgains 2010
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Afghan Muja crossing from Saohol Sar pass...
File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg
Reagan sitting with people from the...
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