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Markhor

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The markhor (Capra falconeri) is a large wild goat species. It lives in the mountain regions of Central and South Asia. These mountains include the Karakoram and the Himalayas. You can find them in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. The markhor is the national animal of Pakistan. Its name comes from the Persian word markhar. This word means "curly" because of its unique horns. Another name for it is "snake eater." This comes from an ancient belief that these goats killed and ate snakes.

Markhor Horns (5779055412)
Markhor Horns (5779055412)

Markhors have very specific physical traits. They have the highest shoulder height of any species in the genus Capra. Their coats change to help them survive the seasons. In summer, the hair is short and light brown or black. In winter, the coat becomes longer and thicker. The fur on their lower legs is black and white. This species shows sexual dimorphism, which means males and females look different. Males have long hair on their chin, throat, chest, and shanks. Females are redder in color and are maneless.

Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786
Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786

The most famous feature is their corkscrew-like horns. Both sexes have these tightly curled horns. The horns start close together at the head. They spread upward toward the tips. Male horns can grow up to 60 inches long. Female horns are smaller, reaching up to 20 inches. There are three recognized subspecies of markhor. The Astor markhor has large, flat horns that branch widely. The Kabul markhor has horns with a slight twist. The third type is the Bukharan markhor.

Johann Andreas Wagner named the species in 1839. He based his work on a female specimen from the Indian Himalayas. Markhors are very special in the tree of life. Genetic studies show they are an evolutionary distinct wild goat. They form a well-supported clade. This means they are genetically distinct and descended from a common ancestor. Some scientists think they might be ancestors of domestic goats. For example, the Angora goat may descend from the Central Asian markhor. The Changthangi goat might also come from them.

Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554
Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554

These animals are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day. They are most active in the early morning and late afternoon. Their diet shifts with the seasons to help them survive. In spring and summer, they graze on grass. In winter, they turn to browsing on branches. They sometimes stand on their hind legs to reach high leaves. Markhors live in herds that usually number nine animals. These herds consist of adult females and their young. Adult males are largely solitary and live alone.

Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554
Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554

Survival in the mountains requires constant alertness. Markhors have keen eyesight and a strong sense of smell. They use these to detect predators like snow leopards and Himalayan wolves. Brown bears and Eurasian lynx also hunt them. Even golden eagles may prey upon young kids. To stay safe, they use specific habitats. In summer, males stay in the forest. Females climb to the highest rocky ridges. In spring, females stay near cliffs to protect their offspring.

Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786
Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786

Today, the markhor is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. This means they face risks of disappearing. Poaching is the most important threat to their survival. People hunt them illegally for meat or for their horns. In India, they are poached for horns believed to have medicinal properties. Habitat destruction and competition with domestic livestock are also problems. Livestock can push wild goats away from the best grazing areas. This can lower the fertility of female markhors. However, some conservation efforts have seen success. In Pakistan, special hunting licenses help the population rebound.

Markhor Horns (5779055412)
Markhor Horns (5779055412)
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File:Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011 07 11 IMG 0786.JPG
Capra falconeri at the Columbus Zoo-2011...
File:Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554.jpg
Capra falconeri Yumemigasaki Zoo P6269554.jpg
File:Capra falconeri hepteneri.jpg
Capra falconeri hepteneri.jpg
File:Markhor Horns (5779055412).jpg
Markhor Horns (5779055412).jpg
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