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Mandopop

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Mandopop refers to popular music performed in Standard Mandarin. It is a major subgenre of commercial Chinese language music, often categorized under the broader term C-pop. This genre is a vital cultural force in many regions. It is highly popular in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore. Mandopop is significant because it was the first variety of Chinese popular music to establish a viable commercial industry. It serves as a way for people to connect through a shared linguistic and melodic tradition.

Creating Mandopop involves a complex process of musical fusion. The genre often blends traditional Chinese elements with various Western musical styles. For example, early shidaiqu used pentatonic folk melodies, which are five-note scales common in Chinese music. These melodies were often paired with the instrumentation of an American jazz orchestra. Later, artists incorporated Latin dance beats into Chinese compositions. In Taiwan, the music evolved into a unique blend of Chinese, Japanese, and Western styles. This layering of different musical traditions defines the sound of the genre.

The history of the Chinese recording industry began with the arrival of the gramophone. In March 1903, Fred Gaisberg recorded local music in Shanghai for the Victor Talking Machine Company. This was the earliest gramophone recording in China. Later, Pathé Records became a dominant force in the industry. Founded by a Frenchman named Labansat, Pathé established a recording studio and a record-pressing plant in 1914. This plant was located in the Shanghai French Concession. Pathé originally recorded Peking opera but eventually expanded into Mandarin popular music. By the late 1930s, Pathé held about 90% of the market share for Mandarin pop songs.

Language played a crucial role in the rise of Mandopop. In the early 20th century, most people in China spoke regional dialects like Shanghainese. However, there was a movement to use Standard Mandarin to promote national unity. This Mandarin is based on the Beijing dialect. The Qing Ministry of Education proclaimed Mandarin as the official speech for schools. The leaders of the Chinese Republic in 1912 continued this commitment. Because of a ban on dialects in films by the Nanjing government, sound films in the 1930s were made in Mandarin. This forced popular film songs to be performed in Mandarin as well.

In the 1920s, the genre known as shidaiqu, or "music of the time," emerged in Shanghai. Li Jinhui is widely regarded as the "Father of Chinese Popular Music" for his work during this era. He established the Bright Moon Song and Dance Troupe. One of his most important works was the 1927 song "Drizzle," recorded by his daughter, Li Minghui. This song is often considered the first Chinese pop song. During the 1930s, the industry entered the era of the "Seven Great Singing Stars." This group included famous performers such as Zhou Xuan, Gong Qiuxia, and Bai Hong. Zhou Xuan was perhaps the most notable star of this period. Other famous members included Yao Lee, Bai Guang, Li Xianglan, and Wu Yingyin. Yao Lee even recorded "Rose, Rose, I Love You" in 1940, which became a hit with Western singers.

Political changes shifted the centers of the Mandopop industry. Following the Second Sino-Japanese War and the civil war, many stars moved to Hong Kong. By the 1950s, Hong Kong replaced Shanghai as the main entertainment hub. In mainland China, the government denounced popular music as "Yellow Music" in 1952. This led to the suppression of the genre in favor of revolutionary marches. Meanwhile, in Taiwan, the music was influenced by Japanese enka due to historical rule. Many Taiwanese Mandarin songs in the 1960s were adaptations of Japanese tunes. This era saw the development of a distinct Taiwanese Mandopop style that blended many global influences.

Mandopop is deeply connected to other musical and linguistic movements. The term "Mandopop" was actually coined around 1980. This happened after the term "cantopop" became popular for Cantonese music. Sometimes, singers would record versions of Cantopop songs in Mandarin. They would change the lyrics to fit the different rhyme and tonal patterns of the Mandarin language. Today, Mandopop continues to evolve through its connections to global pop trends. It remains a primary way for the Mandarin-speaking world to share its stories and sounds.

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