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Lima bean

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

{

"text": "The lima bean, known scientifically as *Phaseolus lunatus*, is a highly important legume grown worldwide for its edible seeds.

Depending on where you live, these beans might go by many different names. They are often called butter beans, sieva beans, double beans, or Madagascar beans. While they all belong to the same species, they vary greatly in size and color. Some varieties are small and green, while others are large and yellow. These beans are a vital food source because they provide high-quality protein and dietary fiber.\n\nCultivation of the lima bean follows specific biological stages. In many regions, the plant is a warm-season crop. In places like Oaxaca, Mexico, the rainy season lasts from June to August. During this time, germination, or the process of a seed budding into a plant, occurs in June or July. The first inflorescence, which is the arrangement of flowers on a stem, appears in October or November. The production of flowers and fruits usually concludes between February and April. In the United States, farmers often plant baby lima beans in early June. They typically harvest the crop about ten to twelve weeks later.\n\nThere are two main types of cultivars: bush types and pole types. Bush cultivars grow on shorter plants and tend to mature earlier. Pole cultivars grow on long vines that can reach significant heights. The seeds themselves come in many shapes and colors. Most seeds are flat, but \"potato\" cultivars have seeds that are almost spherical. While white seeds are the most common, you can also find seeds that are black, red, orange, or mottled. The pods can grow up to 10 centimeters long, housing these diverse seed varieties.\n\nThe history of the lima bean is tied to ancient civilizations in the Americas. Scientists believe there were two independent domestication events. One occurred in the western Andes around 2000 BC, producing the large-seeded \"lima type.\" The second occurred in Mesoamerica around AD 800, resulting in the small-seeded \"Sieva type.\" The Moche culture, which existed from AD 1 to AD 800, even depicted these beans in their art. During the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, the beans were exported to Europe. Because the shipping boxes were labeled \"Lima, Peru,\" the name \"lima bean\" became widely used.\n\nLima beans have developed fascinating chemical and biological defenses to survive. When a predator like the two-spotted spider mite (*Tetranychus urticae*) attacks, the plant triggers a signaling pathway. This process is called the Jasmonic acid pathway. The plant produces herbivore-induced plant volatiles, or H.I.P.V.s, which are chemical scents released into the air. These scents act as a signal to attract predatory mites, which then eat the spider mites. This creates a complex system where the plant uses chemistry to call for help from its enemies' enemies.\n\nIn addition to these scents, the plant uses direct chemical defenses. One method is called cyanogenesis, which is the release of hydrogen cyanide when cells are damaged. This chemical acts as a repellent to keep herbivores away. The plant also secretes extrafloral nectar, or E.F.N., to provide food for predatory insects like ants and wasps. By feeding the \"good" insects, the plant ensures they stay nearby to protect it. This sophisticated survival strategy allows the lima bean to thrive in many different climates.\n\nFrom a nutritional standpoint, lima beans are very dense in minerals. Potassium is the most abundant mineral found in raw lima beans. They also contain significant amounts of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and iron. However, raw beans contain toxins like phytohaemagglutinin and anti-nutrients such as phytic acids. To make them safe to eat, you must boil raw beans for at least ten minutes.

Lima bean cans
Lima bean cans

Canned beans are already pre-cooked, making them safe to use immediately. Methods like roasting, pressure cooking, or soaking can also help reduce these anti-nutrients.\n\nThese beans play a major role in global food systems and health. Because they are high in soluble fiber, they can help regulate blood sugar levels. The fiber forms a gel in the stomach that slows the absorption of carbohydrates. This provides steady, slow-burning energy, which is helpful for people with diabetes. Culturally, they are essential in many cuisines. In Spain, they are a main ingredient in Valencian paella. In India, they are known as double beans and are used in various curries.",

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"File:Lima beans in an illustrated catalogue of seeds (1894).jpg",

"File:Lima bean cans.jpg"

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Lima beans in an illustrated catalogue of...
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