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Kong Empire

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The Kong Empire was a powerful pre-colonial state in West Africa. It existed from 1710 until 1898. The empire was centered in what is now northeastern Ivory Coast. It also included parts of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Ghana. It was a commercial empire, meaning its main goal was business. It focused on protecting trade routes throughout the region.

1827 Finley Map of Africa - Geographicus - Africa-finley-1827
1827 Finley Map of Africa - Geographicus - Africa-finley-1827

This empire worked through a system of merchant houses. These houses created links between different settlements. The state was an "instrumental state." This means it was built specifically to promote trade. It used a chain of outposts to keep the routes safe. The empire grew because it controlled the paths for gold and kola nuts. These goods moved from the Niger River toward the Gold Coast.

Kong was not ruled by one single person at all times. Instead, it was a decentralized collection of fiefdoms. These were separate territories ruled by members of the Watara clan. This family was known as a "War-House." They had a different culture than the merchant class. Some leaders, called Sonanke, followed traditional Mande religious practices. They did not use Sharia law to govern the state. This made Kong different from other Islamic states in West Africa.

Seku Watara founded the empire in the early 1700s. He was a Dyula merchant who also studied the Qur'an. He was also a skilled warrior. Seku united many Dyula leaders to take control of Kong. He deposed a leader named Lasiri Gbambele to start his rule. Seku pushed his forces north across the Leraba river. By 1737, he reached the area of Sya. He left his son in charge there to secure the territory.

Seku's relatives were vital to the empire's strength. His brother, Famagan Watara, led major military operations. In November 1739, Famagan took over cities like Sofara on the Bani River. He even defeated an army from the Pashalik of Timbuktu. He later besieged the city of Segou for nine months. However, a Fula relief column arrived to help the defenders. After Seku died around 1745, the empire began to change. It became a constellation of separate areas ruled by the Watara clan.

Despite these divisions, Kong remained a major center. It was a famous place for Islamic studies and scholars. Many mosques were built throughout the empire. In the mid-18th century, Kong fought the Ashanti Empire. This conflict destroyed the city of Begho. Many Dyula refugees moved to Kong because of this. Even after this war, Kong remained independent. In 1840, the empire even took control of gold trade in Lobi country.

The empire began to decline in the late 1800s. In 1888, Louis Gustave Binger entered Kong for the French. This made the city a target for other powers. Samori Ture, a leader of the Samorian Empire, attacked Kong. The French tried to protect the city in 1894. They sent a column led by Colonel Monteil from Grand Bassam. However, the French were forced to retreat after a battle. Kong then pledged loyalty to Samori Ture.

The end of the empire came through violent conflict. Samori Ture eventually attacked and burnt the city of Kong. This happened on either May 23, 1897, or May 18, 1898. The royal family fled to the Black Volta region. They created small kingdoms called "Les Etats de Kong." These lasted only a short time. Eventually, the French took full control of the area. The French rebuilt the city of Kong, but its importance had faded.

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