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Kamehameha V

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Kamehameha V was the fifth monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He reigned from 1863 until 1872. His official name was Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui. He used the motto "Onipaʻa," which means immovable or steadfast. This word described his firm personality and his determination. He is often remembered as the last great traditional chief of his people.

Kamehameha V 1870 signature
Kamehameha V 1870 signature

Lot was born on December 11, 1830. His parents were Elizabeth Kīnaʻu and Mataio Kekūanaōʻa. He was the grandson of the famous Kamehameha I. His early life involved the Hawaiian tradition of hānai. Hānai is a form of adoption where a child is raised by others. He was first adopted by Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena. After she died in 1836, his grandmother and step-grandfather adopted him. This period was difficult for him. He felt like a stranger in his adoptive home. He believed this tradition had taken away his mother's love.

As a young man, Lot traveled the world to learn about different nations. In September 1849, he and his brother Alexander Liholiho sailed to San Francisco. They were supervised by a guardian named Dr. Judd. Their journey took them to Panama and Jamaica. They also visited New York City and Washington, D.C. In Europe, Lot met many powerful leaders. He met French President Louis Napoleon and British Prince Consort Albert. He also met U.S. President Zachary Taylor and Vice President Millard Fillmore.

Prince Lot Kapuaiwa (PP-97-9-007)
Prince Lot Kapuaiwa (PP-97-9-007)

Before becoming king, Lot held several important government positions. He served on the Privy Council of State from 1852 to 1855. He also served in the House of Nobles until 1862. Between 1857 and 1863, he was the Minister of the Interior. He even served as the chief justice of the supreme court for a short time. His brother, Alexander Liholiho, became King Kamehameha IV in 1854. After the death of the king's son, Prince Albert, in 1862, Lot was added to the line of succession.

Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)
Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)

Kamehameha V took the throne on November 30, 1863. He did not want to use the old laws from 1852. He specifically disagreed with universal male suffrage for the lower House of Representatives. Instead, he called for a constitutional convention in 1864. He proposed a new constitution on July 7, 1864. This new law limited voting to residents who passed a literacy test. Voters also had to meet certain property or income requirements. He signed the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii on August 20, 1864.

Flag of Hawaii (1896)
Flag of Hawaii (1896)

One of his greatest legacies was the revival of Hawaiian traditions. He repealed laws that had restricted kahunaism, which involved traditional practitioners. He established a Hawaiian Board of Medicine to include kahuna members. This allowed la'au lapa'au, or Hawaiian medicine, to be practiced again. He even brought practitioners to Honolulu to record their many remedies. The king also protected his people from harm. In 1865, he refused a bill that would let merchants sell liquor directly to Native Hawaiians. He famously said he would never sign the death warrant of his people.

Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)
Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)

Many visitors traveled to Hawaiʻi during his reign. The famous writer Mark Twain visited in March 1866. Twain wrote that the king was wise and accomplished. He noted that the king dressed plainly and was very popular. In 1869, Prince Alfred of England visited the islands. This visit helped lead to the creation of the Royal Hawaiian Band. The band was a gift of music for the Hawaiian people.

Kamehameha V 1870 signature
Kamehameha V 1870 signature

Kamehameha V died on December 11, 1872. This was the same day he was born. He did not leave a clear heir to follow him. His sister, Victoria Kamāmalu, had died childless in 1866. He offered the throne to his cousin Bernice Pauahi Bishop, but she refused. Because there was no successor, the legislature had to hold an election. This changed how leaders were chosen in Hawaiʻi. William Charles Lunalilo won the election and became the first elected king.

Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)
Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped)
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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg
Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg
File:Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg
Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg
File:Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg
Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg
File:Kamehameha V 1870 signature.svg
Kamehameha V 1870 signature.svg
File:Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by Charles L. Weed (PP-97-9-008, cropped).jpg
Kamehameha V in chair, photograph by...
File:Prince Lot Kapuaiwa (PP-97-9-007).jpg
Prince Lot Kapuaiwa (PP-97-9-007).jpg
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