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Israelites

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The Israelites, often called the Children of Israel, were an ancient Semitic-speaking people. They lived in the region of Canaan during the Iron Age. These people spoke a language known as Biblical Hebrew. This language is an archaic form of Hebrew. Scholars study the Israelites to understand the history of the ancient Near East. They look at both religious texts and archaeological evidence to piece together their story.

12 Tribes of Israel Map
12 Tribes of Israel Map

Modern scholarship offers a specific view of how the Israelites emerged. Many researchers believe they came from indigenous Canaanite populations. They also suggest they came from other peoples in the ancient Near East. Mark Smith notes that Israelite culture largely overlapped with Canaanite culture. During the Iron I period, between 1200 and 1000 BCE, their material culture showed many common points. Because of this, many scholars argue there was no radical cultural separation between the two groups.

Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from Ramses III's tile collection; By Niv Lugassi
Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from Ramses III's tile collection; By Niv Lugassi

The Hebrew Bible provides a different narrative for the origins of the people. It describes them as the descendants of Jacob, who was also named Israel. Jacob was the son of Isaac and the grandson of Abraham. The story says a severe drought in Canaan caused Jacob and his twelve sons to migrate to Egypt. There, the family was enslaved. They were later liberated by a leader named Moses. After Moses, a successor named Joshua oversaw the conquest of Canaan.

Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark
Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark

These twelve sons became the progenitors of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The tribes included Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph (divided into Ephraim and Manasseh), and Benjamin. Initially, the tribes functioned as a kritarchy. A kritarchy is a system where people follow laws without a king. Eventually, they established a United Monarchy. This single kingdom was led by famous kings named Saul, David, and Solomon.

Mosaic Tribes
Mosaic Tribes

The United Monarchy eventually split due to civil and religious disputes. This resulted in two separate states: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. The history of these kingdoms includes periods of great change and conflict. Around 720 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire conquered the Kingdom of Israel. This event triggered the Assyrian captivity. Later, around 586 BCE, the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered the Kingdom of Judah. This led to the Babylonian captivity.

The map of the Holy Land by Marino Sanudo (drawn in 1320)
The map of the Holy Land by Marino Sanudo (drawn in 1320)

During the period of exile, many people were moved far from their homes. However, the situation changed when Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon in 539 BCE. As the king of the Achaemenid Empire, he allowed the exiled Judahites to return. They were able to rehabilitate their country. This period saw the rebuilding of the Second Temple. Leaders like Zerubbabel, Haggai, Zechariah, Ezra, and Nehemiah played important roles in this era.

Black Obelisk side 4 Jewish delegation
Black Obelisk side 4 Jewish delegation

The legacy of the Israelites continues through closely related groups today. Jews and Samaritans are regarded as two ethno-religious groups descended from the Israelites. Jews trace their ancestry to the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and part of Levi. Samaritans trace their ancestry to the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh, and part of Levi. Both groups have religious and cultural traditions rooted in Israelite history. While other groups claim affiliation, most have unproven lineages.

Samaritans marking Passover on Mount Gerizim, West Bank - 20060418
Samaritans marking Passover on Mount Gerizim, West Bank - 20060418
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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:12 Tribes of Israel Map.svg
12 Tribes of Israel Map.svg
File:Mosaic Tribes.jpg
Mosaic Tribes.jpg
File:The map of the Holy Land by Marino Sanudo (drawn in 1320).jpg
The map of the Holy Land by Marino Sanudo...
File:Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark.jpg
Stiftshuette Modell Timnapark.jpg
File:Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from Ramses III's tile collection; By Niv Lugassi.png
Canaanites and Shasu Leader captives from...
File:IHM מזבח הר עיבל.jpeg
IHM מזבח הר עיבל.jpeg
File:Black Obelisk side 4 Jewish delegation.jpg
Black Obelisk side 4 Jewish delegation.jpg
File:LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg
LMLK,_Ezekiah_seals.jpg
File:Samaritans_marking_Passover_on_Mount_Gerizim,_West_Bank_-_20060418.jpg
Samaritans_marking_Passover_on_Mount_Geriz...
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