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Inigo Jones

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Inigo Jones was a transformative English architect and theatrical designer.

Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck
Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck

He was the first significant architect of the early modern era in England. Jones introduced the classical architecture of ancient Rome and the Italian Renaissance to the English landscape. He achieved this by employing Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry. Symmetry ensures that both sides of a structure mirror each other for balance. His work moved English design away from older traditions toward a more disciplined, mathematical style. This shift changed how buildings were perceived and constructed for centuries.

Jones did not follow a traditional path to the architectural profession. He was born in Smithfield, London, to a clothworker named Inigo Jones Snr.

Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, 1725
Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, 1725

While some Welsh sources claim his family originated in Wales, no contemporary records confirm this. He likely began his career as an apprentice joiner in St Paul's Churchyard. His talent was discovered through his sketches. A wealthy patron sent him to Italy to study drawing before 1603. He also traveled to Denmark, where he worked for Christian IV on the Rosenborg and Frederiksborg palaces.

Before becoming a master builder, Jones gained fame as a theatrical designer. He specialized in creating settings for masques, which were elaborate courtly performances.

IJonesKnightmasque
IJonesKnightmasque

Between 1605 and 1640, he was responsible for staging over 500 of these performances. He often collaborated with the poet Ben Jonson, though their relationship was often tense. Jonson believed the written word was the most important part of a masque. Jones disagreed, arguing that the visual spectacle was the priority. He famously described masques as "nothing but pictures with light and motion."

Jones introduced several technical innovations to the English stage. He is credited with bringing the proscenium arch and movable scenery to English theatre. He used curtains to separate the audience from the stage and reveal new scenes. To create atmosphere, he experimented with light using colored glasses, screens, and oiled paper. He also utilized a mechanism called machina versatilis. This device allowed for moving scenery to create a sense of motion without visible stagehands. These theatrical advancements eventually influenced the public stages used by much larger audiences.

In 1613, Jones was appointed Surveyor of the King's Works. This role allowed him to embark on a vital tour of Italy with the Earl of Arundel. During this journey, he visited cities including Rome, Padua, Florence, Vicenza, Genoa, and Venice. He studied the architecture of ancient Rome firsthand rather than following contemporary Italian fashions. He was deeply influenced by the works of Andrea Palladio and the Roman writer Vitruvius. His annotated copies of Palladio's writings show his intense focus on these classical principles.

His architectural legacy is defined by several landmark structures in London. In 1616, he began work on the Queen's House in Greenwich for Queen Anne.

Queens House
Queens House

Although construction paused after her death, it was finished in 1635 as England's first strictly classical building. He also designed the Banqueting House at Whitehall between 1619 and 1622.

Banqueting House 801
Banqueting House 801

This building features a famous ceiling painted by Peter Paul Rubens. Jones also designed the Queen's Chapel at St James's Palace, which drew inspiration from the Pantheon in Rome.

Jones significantly shaped the urban layout of London through his planning. He designed Covent Garden square, which was modeled after the Italian piazza of Livorno.

West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden, by Edward Rooker after Paul Sandby, 1766 - gac 06359
West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden, by Edward Rooker after Paul Sandby, 1766 - gac 06359

As part of this project, he built St Paul's Church, the first authentically classical church in England. He also designed Lincoln's Inn Fields and the Lindsey House. His use of giant pilasters and rusticated ground floors became a standard for English townhouses. These designs later influenced major developments like the Royal Crescent in Bath and the terraces of Regent's Park.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, 1725.jpg
Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael...
File:IJonesKnightmasque.jpg
IJonesKnightmasque.jpg
File:Queens House.jpg
Queens House.jpg
File:Banqueting House 801.jpg
Banqueting House 801.jpg
File:West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden, by Edward Rooker after Paul Sandby, 1766 - gac 06359.jpg
West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden,...
File:Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg
Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg
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