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Honey possum

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The honey possum, also known as the noolbenger, is a unique marsupial from southwest Australia.

Honey possum compared to a human hand2
Honey possum compared to a human hand2

It belongs to the monotypic family Tarsipedidae, which means it is the only species in its family. This tiny mammal is a keystone species in the coastal sands of southwest Australia. A keystone species is an organism that helps hold an entire ecosystem together. The honey possum lives in habitats like heath, shrubland, and woodland. It plays a vital role in the health of these areas by acting as a pollinator.

Tarsipes rostratus 330413961
Tarsipes rostratus 330413961

This animal has a very specialized way of eating. It is the only mammal that is entirely nectarivorous, meaning it eats only nectar, besides bats. To survive, a nine-gram individual must consume about 50% of its body weight in nectar each day. It also needs a specific amount of pollen to maintain its high metabolism. This pollen provides essential nitrogen for the animal. For females, this nitrogen is especially important during lactation. The honey possum uses its long snout and a special tongue to feed. The tip of the tongue is covered in brush-like structures called papillae. It uses these to wipe nectar and pollen from flowers.

Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2
Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2

Because the honey possum feeds on so many flowers, it is a master pollinator. It visits many different plants, including species in the genera Banksia, Adenanthos, and Agonis. It even visits kangaroo paws and grass-trees. As it feeds, pollen grains stick to its head. The animal then carries this pollen to the next flower it visits. Some plants, like Banksia attenuata, depend on the honey possum to move their pollen. This relationship is called mutualism, where both the animal and the plant benefit. The honey possum gets food, and the plant gets help reproducing.

Tarsipes rostratus 330413961
Tarsipes rostratus 330413961

Physically, the honey possum is quite small and looks somewhat like a vole. A female may weigh only 4 grams, which is about half the weight of a mouse. Males weigh slightly more, around 5 grams. Their bodies are covered in fur that is cream on the bottom and a mix of brown and grey on top. They have three distinct stripes running from their head to their rump. One central dark brown stripe is more visible than the two paler stripes next to it. They also have a long, prehensile tail. This means the tail can wrap around branches to help them climb.

Honey possum compared to a human hand2
Honey possum compared to a human hand2

Scientists have been studying this species since the mid-1800s. Paul Gervais and Jules Verreaux published the first description in 1842. They used a specimen collected from the Swan River Colony. Shortly after, John Edward Gray described what he thought was a second species, Tarsipes spenserae. He named it to honor his wife, Eliza Lucy Spencer. However, later taxonomic reviews determined that these were actually the same species. The name Tarsipes rostratus is the correct scientific name used today.

Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2
Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2

Survival in the wild requires many special biological adaptations. Honey possums are euthermic, meaning they maintain a high body temperature and metabolic rate. Because they have very little body fat, they can run out of energy quickly. To save energy, they enter a state called torpor. In shallow torpor, their temperature stays above 30 degrees Celsius. In deeper torpor, their temperature can drop below 10 degrees Celsius for several days. They are also trichromatic, which means they can see many colors. This helps them spot the bright yellow flowers they need to eat.

Tarsipes rostratus 330413961
Tarsipes rostratus 330413961

Reproduction for the honey possum is also quite remarkable. Gestation, or the time a baby grows inside the mother, lasts 28 days. The babies are the smallest of any known mammal at birth, weighing only 0.1 grams. After birth, the young stay in the mother's pouch for about 60 days. Once they emerge, they eventually learn to ride on their mother's back. Interestingly, males have very large testicles relative to their body size. Their sperm is also the largest and longest known in the mammal world. This helps ensure successful reproduction in their environment.

Honey possum compared to a human hand2
Honey possum compared to a human hand2
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File:Tarsipes rostratus 330413961.jpg
Tarsipes rostratus 330413961.jpg
File:Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2.jpg
Tarsipes rostratus Gould 2.jpg
File:Honey possum compared to a human hand2.jpg
Honey possum compared to a human hand2.jpg
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