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Hilary of Poitiers

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Hilary of Poitiers was a major figure in the 4th-century Christian Church.

SanctusHilarius
SanctusHilarius

He served as the Bishop of Poitiers and was later named a Doctor of the Church. His name originates from a Latin word meaning happy or cheerful. Hilary was born in Poitiers during the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. He was raised by distinguished pagan parents and received an excellent education. This education included a high level of proficiency in the Greek language. Eventually, his study of the Old and New Testaments led him to embrace Catholicism. He was married and had a daughter named Abra, who became a saint known for her charity.

During Hilary's life, the Church faced intense theological disputes regarding Arianism. Arianism was a popular belief that challenged traditional views on the nature of God. These disagreements often led to rigorous debates and violent disputes between different groups. In 353, the Trinitarian Christians of Arles elected Hilary as their bishop. They chose him because the sitting bishop, Saturninus, was an Arian. Hilary worked to defend orthodox beliefs against Arian influence. He even secured the local excommunication of Bishop Saturninus and two supporters, Ursacius of Singidunum and Valens of Mursa.

Constantius II - solidus - antioch RIC viii 025
Constantius II - solidus - antioch RIC viii 025

Hilary's opposition to Arianism brought him into conflict with the Roman Emperor Constantius II. Hilary wrote a remonstrance to the Emperor around 355 to protest Arian persecutions. This work is sometimes called the "Book Against Valens." However, his efforts did not initially succeed. In 356, an imperial decree banished Hilary and Rhodanus of Toulouse to Phrygia. Phrygia was a stronghold for the Arian movement. Hilary remained in this exile for nearly four years. Scholars debate if he was exiled for his religious views or for political opposition to the Emperor.

Even while in exile, Hilary remained a productive and influential writer. He continued to govern his diocese from a distance. In 358, he wrote *De synodis*, also known as *De fide Orientalium*. This epistle analyzed the views of Eastern bishops regarding the Nicene controversy. He noted that some differences in doctrine were actually just differences in wording. He advised Western bishops to be more reserved in their condemnations. Between 359 and 360, he composed his most famous work, *De trinitate*. This was the first successful expression of complex Nicene theology in the Latin language.

Divi Hilarii Pictavorum episcopi De Trinitate
Divi Hilarii Pictavorum episcopi De Trinitate

Upon his return to his diocese around 361, Hilary continued his theological battles. He worked to convince local clergy that certain creeds were merely covers for Arian ideas. He also encouraged Martin, the future bishop of Tours, to found a monastery at Ligugé. In 364, Hilary challenged the bishop of Milan, Auxentius, for being heterodox. Although Auxentius initially defended himself before Emperor Valentinian I, Hilary denounced him as a hypocrite. Hilary later published *Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensem* to describe these efforts. He also wrote *Contra Constantium Augustum*, accusing the late Emperor of being a tyrant.

Saint Hilaire, peint par Pierre-Floréal Crémière
Saint Hilaire, peint par Pierre-Floréal Crémière

Hilary's literary contributions extended beyond theology into exegesis and history. His *Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei* is the first complete Latin commentary on the Gospel of Matthew to survive. He also wrote expositions of the Psalms known as *Tractatus super Psalmos*. These works were influenced by thinkers like Origen and Tertullian. Some historians believe Hilary was the first Latin Christian hymn writer. This belief comes from the writings of Saint Jerome, who mentioned a book of hymns by Hilary. His historical writings include various documents relating to the Arian controversy.

SanctusHilarius
SanctusHilarius

Today, Hilary is remembered as a pre-eminent Latin writer of the 4th century. Augustine of Hippo referred to him as an "illustrious doctor of the churches." In 1851, Pope Pius IX formally recognized him as a Doctor of the Church. His feast day is celebrated on January 13. His legacy even extends to modern academic and legal traditions. The spring terms at Oxford and Dublin universities are called the "Hilary term" because they begin around his feast day. Some traditions also suggest that he is the patron saint of lawyers. His life remains a significant example of intellectual and religious leadership.

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