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Haze

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Haze is an atmospheric phenomenon involving suspended particulates that reduce visibility. These particles include dry substances like dust, smoke, sand, and volcanic ash. When these materials accumulate in the air, they obscure the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization classifies these particles into several categories. These include fog, ice fog, steam fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand, and snow. Haze is often distinguished from mist by the moisture in the air. While mist forms in saturated, humid air, haze is traditionally associated with dry air.

MosqueinAbuja
MosqueinAbuja

The way haze affects light is a process called the Tyndall effect. This is an aerial form of light scattering. Haze is spectrally selective according to the electromagnetic spectrum. This means it treats different colors of light differently. Shorter wavelengths, such as blue light, are scattered more easily. Longer wavelengths, such as red or infrared light, are scattered less. Because of this scattering, the sun or landscape may lose contrast. This can make sunrise and sunset colors appear subdued. In extreme cases, the sun may disappear before it reaches the horizon.

Sun during sunset
Sun during sunset

Scientists also study a specific type called "wet haze." This occurs when haze particles act as condensation nuclei. A condensation nucleus is a tiny surface where water vapor can gather. When vapor condenses on these particles, it forms mist droplets. Wet haze often arises from complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere. For example, sulfur dioxide gases from combustion can convert into sulfuric acid droplets. These reactions are enhanced by sunlight, high humidity, and a lack of wind. Some wet haze also comes from terpenes, which are compounds released by burning trees.

Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016
Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016

Many different human and natural activities create haze. Farming contributes through stubble burning or ploughing during dry weather. Traffic and industrial processes also release significant amounts of smoke and dust. Natural events like volcanic activity and wildfires are also major sources. In the United States, the IMPROVE program helps monitor these levels. This is a collaboration between the EPA and the National Park Service. They study the chemical composition of haze in National Parks. Their goal is to restore visibility to pre-industrial levels. The Clean Air Act also protects 156 Class I Federal areas from visibility problems.

In Southeast Asia, haze has been a major issue since 1991. Much of this smoke comes from fires in Sumatra and Borneo. Farmers, plantation owners, and miners often set fires to clear land. In 2013, forest fires in Indonesia caused a massive crisis in Malaysia. The air in Kuala Lumpur smelled of ash and coal for over a week. This was one of the worst environmental crises for the region since 1997. During the 2013 haze, Singapore reached a record Pollutant Standards Index of 401. Major crises also occurred in 1997 and 2015.

Spooky Summer Sunset
Spooky Summer Sunset

Haze can move across borders, creating what is called transboundary haze. This movement can cause international disputes between neighboring countries. Because wind carries the particulates, one nation's pollution becomes another's problem. This is a significant issue for nations like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. To manage this, ASEAN countries created a Regional Haze Action Plan in 1997. In 2002, they signed the Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. This agreement includes a coordination and support unit hosted by the ASEAN secretariat.

Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016
Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016

Beyond visibility, haze has serious impacts on technology and food. One major effect is the reduction of irradiance, which is incoming solar radiation. This is a growing problem for the solar industry and photovoltaic production. Haze can also lower agricultural yields by blocking sunlight. These issues are particularly difficult for agrivoltaics. Agrivoltaics is the practice of combining solar power production with food agriculture. Therefore, controlling pollution can actually help increase total food production in places like China.

Sun during sunset
Sun during sunset
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File:MosqueinAbuja.jpg
MosqueinAbuja.jpg
File:Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016.jpg
Striped Sun at Summer Solstice 2016.jpg
File:Spooky Summer Sunset.jpg
Spooky Summer Sunset.jpg
File:Sun during sunset.jpg
Sun during sunset.jpg
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