Harold Garfinkel

Harold Garfinkel was a smart man. He studied how people live. He liked to watch how we act. This helps us understand our world.

He grew up in a family in New Jersey. He studied how to keep track of money. This helped him learn a lot.

He spent time working in a camp in Georgia. This work made him want to study people. He went to school to learn more.

He came up with a new way to study. It is called ethnomethodology. This is a big word for how we act every day.

He taught at a big school in California. He won awards for his hard work. His ideas are still very important today.

Harold Garfinkel was a famous thinker. He studied how people live together. He was born in New Jersey in 1917.

He first studied how to keep track of money. This was called accounting. He learned how people use numbers to make sense of things. Later, he worked at a camp in Georgia. Meeting many different people changed his life. He decided to study sociology. Sociology is the study of how people act in groups.

During World War II, he served in the Army Air Corps. After the war, he went to Harvard University. He met many great scholars there. He also taught at Princeton University.

In 1954, he created a new way to study people. He called it ethnomethodology. This is a study of how people use common sense in daily life. He wanted to see how people make the world work every day. He joined the faculty at UCLA in 1954. He taught there for many years. He won many awards for his work. He died in Los Angeles in 2011.

Harold Garfinkel was a famous American sociologist. Sociology is the study of how people live together in groups. He is best known for creating a field called ethnomethodology. This field looks at how people use common sense to make sense of daily life. He wanted to see how ordinary actions help keep society organized. His work changed how many people think about social order.

To understand his work, we must look at how he studied the world. Most sociologists use big theories to explain why people act certain ways. Garfinkel did things differently. He preferred to use detailed descriptions of real life. He would ask what is actually happening rather than what should happen. He wanted to see the tiny, practical ways people build their social world. This approach is called being committed to empirical studies.

His journey began in Newark, New Jersey. He was born on October 29, 1917, into a Jewish family. His father was a furniture dealer. Garfinkel first studied accounting at the University of Newark. He learned how people use numbers to organize information. Later, he volunteered at a work camp in Georgia. Meeting many different people there inspired him to study sociology. He earned his master's degree in 1942 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

During World War II, Garfinkel served in the Army Air Corps. He worked as a trainer in Florida. After the war, he went to Harvard University. He studied there under a scholar named Talcott Parsons. Later, he taught at Princeton University for two years. He met many famous scientists and scholars during this time. In 1954, he shared his new idea called ethnomethodology at a big meeting. He then joined the faculty at UCLA, where he taught for many years.

Many of his ideas came from watching how people talk and act. He studied how jurors talk during a trial. He also wrote important books like Studies in Ethnomethodology in 1967. He received the Cooley-Mead Award in 1995 for his great work. He even earned an honorary doctorate from the University of Nottingham in 1996. Garfinkel lived in Los Angeles until he died on April 21, 2011. His life shows how looking closely at small things can lead to big discoveries.

Harold Garfinkel was a highly influential American sociologist. He is best known for establishing ethnomethodology as a unique field of study. Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social patterns. While many sociologists focus on large, abstract theories, Garfinkel focused on the details of everyday life. He wanted to understand how people use practical, common-sense methods to create social order. His work changed how researchers observe the way humans interact and organize their worlds.

Ethnomethodology is a specific way of looking at social action. It is the investigation of the rational properties of indexical expressions. An indexical expression is a word or action that only makes sense in its specific context. Garfinkel studied these as part of the organized, artful practices of daily life. Instead of asking why people follow certain rules, he asked how they actually accomplish those actions. He looked at the tiny, practical steps people take to make sense of their surroundings. This approach relies heavily on empirical studies, which means gathering data through direct observation.

To understand Garfinkel’s method, one must look at his departure from traditional sociology. During his time at Harvard University, he studied under Talcott Parsons. Parsons believed that social order came from rational choices within a fixed framework. This framework included an agent, a goal, circumstances, and normative orientations. Parsons viewed social action as something that could be explained through abstract categories. Garfinkel disagreed with this highly theoretical approach. He preferred to describe the actual workings of the social world in elaborate detail.

Another major influence on Garfinkel was the scholar Alfred Schütz. Schütz introduced Garfinkel to ideas in phenomenology and social theory. Phenomenology is the study of how people experience things. Schütz argued that there is a difference between scientific reasoning and the "natural attitude" of everyday life. Scientific reasoning uses formal logic and strict rules to reach conclusions. The natural attitude is the common-sense way people navigate their daily routines. Garfinkel used these ideas to show that sociology should not just apply scientific lenses to human life. Instead, it should study the shared understandings that make daily life possible.

His academic journey began in Newark, New Jersey, where he was born on October 29, 1917. He grew up in a Jewish family and initially studied accounting at the University of Newark. His experience in accounting classes helped him understand how people categorize information. After volunteering at a work camp in Georgia, he decided to pursue sociology. He earned a master's degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1942. During World War II, he served as a trainer in the Army Air Corps. After the war, he moved to Harvard to continue his advanced studies.

Throughout his career, Garfinkel worked with many important scholars. While at Princeton University, he met prominent scientists like John von Neumann and Herbert A. Simon. In 1954, he officially created the term "ethnomethodology" during a meeting of the American Sociological Association. He also worked on the American Jury Project at the University of Chicago. This project involved listening to tape recordings of jurors to see how they reached decisions. In 1954, he joined the faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He remained a professor there for many decades.

His contributions to the field earned him several prestigious honors. In 1967, he published his famous collection of articles, "Studies in Ethnomethodology." In 1995, the American Sociological Association gave him the Cooley-Mead Award. He also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Nottingham in 1996. Garfinkel's work remains significant because it connects small, individual actions to the larger structures of society. He showed that social order is not just something that exists, but something that people actively build every single day.