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Hans Scholl

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Hans Scholl was a German student and a key member of the White Rose. The White Rose was a resistance movement during World War II. This group fought against the Nazi regime in Germany. Hans worked with Alexander Schmorell to lead this movement. They used written leaflets to spread their ideas. These leaflets challenged the government and called for freedom. Hans is remembered today for his moral courage under a violent regime.

Gestapo photos of Hans Scholl, taken after his capture on February 18, 1943
Gestapo photos of Hans Scholl, taken after his capture on February 18, 1943

The White Rose functioned through the distribution of printed materials. The members wrote several leaflets to reach the German public. They included quotes from the Bible and famous thinkers like Aristotle. They also used words from poets like Goethe and Schiller. These writings appealed to the intelligence of the German people. The group used many ways to spread these papers. They hid them in telephone books in public phone booths. They also mailed them to professors and students at various universities. Some leaflets were carried by couriers to other cities. This allowed their message to travel far beyond Munich.

The movement grew in stages as more people joined. Hans and Alexander Schmorell were the founding members. They wrote the first four leaflets between June and July 1942. After serving at the Soviet front, they returned to continue their work. Willi Graf joined the core group after his military service. Sophie Scholl, Hans's sister, was one of the last members to join. Finally, Kurt Huber became the last main member in December 1942. By the end, the group had six core members working together. They targeted universities in Munich and Hamburg, as well as the city of Ulm.

Hans Scholl's journey toward resistance began in his youth. He was born on September 22, 1918, in Ingersheim. He was the second of six children in his family. Initially, Hans joined the Hitler Youth in 1933. He even held leadership roles in the Deutsches Jungvolk. However, he soon felt a deep sense of disillusionment. He found the fanaticism and the need for total obedience repugnant. In 1937, he was arrested for joining a forbidden youth group. During that trial, a judge dismissed his actions as youthful exuberance. This allowed him to leave the court with a clean slate.

His time in the military and university changed his views further. Hans volunteered for the Reich Labour Service in 1937. Later, he studied medicine at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. While studying, he met professors who held Christian-ethical views. He also served as a medical sergeant during the French campaign. His experiences as a medic on the front lines were very significant. He learned about mass murder in Poland and the Soviet Union. These direct experiences reinforced his opposition to the war and the Nazi rulers. He moved away from medicine to study religion and philosophy.

The resistance ended abruptly due to a moment of discovery. On February 18, 1943, Hans and Sophie were at their university. Sophie threw the last leaflets from a top floor into the atrium. A maintenance man named Jakob Schmid saw this action. He reported the incident, and the Gestapo arrested the siblings. Hans, Sophie, and Christoph Probst were tried for high treason. The judge was Roland Freisler. They were found guilty and sentenced to death on February 22. The execution was moved to a guillotine to avoid making them martyrs in public.

The impact of the White Rose was felt long after their deaths. After the execution, a copy of their sixth leaflet was smuggled to the UK. It was used by the Allied Forces to inform others. In July 1943, millions of copies were dropped over Germany. These were called The Manifesto of the Students of Munich. In total, 29 people were accused of being in the White Rose. Sixteen of these individuals were executed by the regime. Thirteen others received prison sentences lasting up to ten years. It took until 1998 for Germany to officially void the Nazi judgments against them.

Bommersheim, Geschwister-Scholl-Gedenkstein
Bommersheim, Geschwister-Scholl-Gedenkstein
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