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Golden mole

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Golden moles are small, insectivorous mammals that live mostly underground. They belong to the family Chrysochloridae. This family is found only in sub-Saharan Africa. Most golden moles live in South Africa. They can be found in many different environments. These include forests, swamps, deserts, and mountains.

Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120

Although they look like true moles, they are not closely related to them. True moles belong to the family Talpidae. Golden moles are actually more closely related to otter shrews and tenrecs. This is an example of evolutionary convergence. This happens when different animals develop similar traits because they live in similar ways. They even resemble the marsupial moles of Australia in several ways. This resemblance is so strong that some scientists once argued they were related.

Living beneath the soil requires specialized physical features. Golden moles have short legs and powerful digging claws. On their front feet, most toes are reduced. They have one large, pick-like claw on the third toe. Their hind feet are different. They have all five toes and are webbed. This webbing helps them shovel loosened soil backward efficiently. Their fur is very dense to repel dirt and moisture. The fur can show an iridescent sheen of green, blue, violet, or copper.

Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120

Because they live in the dark, their eyes are non-functional. Their eyes are covered by furred skin. Instead of sight, they rely heavily on hearing and touch. They have a large, dry, leathery pad called a rhinarium. This pad protects their nostrils while they dig. They are also very sensitive to vibrations in the ground. This helps them detect approaching danger. Some species have a very long and highly coiled cochlea. The cochlea is the part of the inner ear used for hearing. This structure helps them detect low-frequency sounds.

Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120

One of their most amazing features is in their middle ear. They have a hypertrophied malleus. Hypertrophied means it is greatly enlarged. The malleus is a bone in the middle ear. Golden moles have the largest malleus relative to body size of any animal. Scientists believe this helps them detect seismic signals. Seismic signals are vibrations that travel through the ground. This trait is similar to burrowing reptiles in the family Amphisbaenidae.

Golden moles have different ways of surviving in their habitats. Most species build complex residential burrows. These burrows can go deep underground and include chambers for refuge or latrines. However, Grant's golden mole lives in the sandy Namib desert. Sand is too loose to hold permanent tunnels. Instead, this species "swims" through the sand using its broad claws. During the day, they dive deep to find cool areas. They then enter a state called torpor. Torpor is a period of inactivity that helps them conserve energy.

Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120

There are 21 known species of golden moles. Some species, like the Cape golden mole, are relatively common. Others, such as those in the genus Chrysospalax or Cryptochloris, are rare. Many of these species are currently endangered. Human-induced habitat loss is the primary cause of this threat. Other dangers include sand mining and poor agricultural practices. They also face predation from domestic cats and dogs.

Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120
Chrysochloris asiatica Cape golden mole adult IMG 7120

Understanding the biology of golden moles helps scientists study evolution. Their classification is still being reviewed with new genetic information. They were once grouped in the order Insectivora with shrews and hedgehogs. Now, some scientists place them in the order Afrosoricida. Within that order, they belong to the suborder Tenrecomorpha. This shows how much our understanding of the natural world changes as we learn more.

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