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Food security

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Food security describes a state where all people have reliable access to enough food. This food must be sufficient in quantity and high in quality. It must also be affordable, safe, and nutritious to meet dietary needs.

2DU Kenya 86 (5367322642)
2DU Kenya 86 (5367322642)

Achieving food security means individuals can live active and healthy lives. It also means they do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. True food security requires resilience to future disruptions in the food supply. These disruptions might come from droughts, floods, or fuel shortages.

Goats are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low maintenance and easy to raise and farm
Goats are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low maintenance and easy to raise and farm

To understand how food security works, experts look at several specific dimensions. The four main pillars are availability, access, utilization, and stability. Availability refers to the physical production and supply of food. Access involves the ability to acquire food through economic or physical means. Utilization, or nutritional adequacy, is how the body uses the nutrients provided. Stability ensures that food supplies remain steady over time.

Food production per capita
Food production per capita

Beyond these pillars, two other dimensions are vital: agency and sustainability. These six dimensions help define the legal and conceptual right to food.

Food insecurity is the opposite of food security. It is a state where the availability of suitable food is limited or uncertain. There are different types of food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity is a long-term, persistent lack of adequate food. In these cases, households are constantly at risk. Transitory food insecurity is more temporary but can lead to chronic issues. If food shortages happen repeatedly, households become more vulnerable to permanent hunger.

A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado
A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado

Many complex factors can trigger food insecurity. High food prices are one of the most important causes. Disruptions in global food supplies, often due to war, also play a major role. Environmental issues like climate change, water scarcity, and land degradation make farming difficult. Agricultural diseases and pandemics can further damage food systems.

Africa Food Security 18 (10665134354)
Africa Food Security 18 (10665134354)

Economic instability and unemployment also contribute to higher rates of poverty and hunger.

In 2024, an estimated 2.3 billion people were moderately or severely food insecure. This means they lacked regular access to adequate food. The global prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 28.0% in 2024. This rate has declined gradually since 2021, but regional differences remain large. Food insecurity is rising in Africa, where the 2023 prevalence was 58.0%.

Conversely, insecurity is falling in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia. In most regions, food insecurity is more common in rural areas than in urban ones. It also affects women more frequently than men.

Food insecurity has serious consequences for human health and development. Severe malnutrition in early childhood can lead to defects in cognitive development. It can also cause stunting in children. Stunting is when a child's growth is slowed due to poor nutrition. Once a child passes the age of two, improved nutrition cannot reverse this damage.

Sustainable Development Goal 2-ar
Sustainable Development Goal 2-ar

Chronic hunger can eventually lead to famines, which are widespread food shortages.

To track progress, many organizations use specific measurement tools. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) uses the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). This scale helps researchers compare food insecurity levels across different countries. Other tools include the Household Dietary Diversity Scale and the Coping Strategies Index. The latter asks what people do when they lack food or money.

Food insecurity levels based on the food insecurity experience scale by region
Food insecurity levels based on the food insecurity experience scale by region

These measurements help the United Nations track Sustainable Development Goal 2, which is "Zero Hunger."

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🖼️ Images & Media (24)
File:Africa Food Security 18 (10665134354).jpg
Africa Food Security 18 (10665134354).jpg
File:Number of people severely food insecure, World, 2022 (cropped).svg
Number of people severely food insecure,...
File:The gender gap narrowed at the global level from 2021 to 2023, but increased slightly in 2024, with the prevalence of food insecurity remaining consistently higher among women than among men, globa.svg
The gender gap narrowed at the global...
File:Food insecurity levels based on the food insecurity experience scale by region.svg
Food insecurity levels based on the food...
File:Updated global estimates point to a decrease in world hunger in recent years following the sharp increase from 2019 to 2021.svg
Updated global estimates point to a...
File:Global food insecurity levels declined gradually from 2021 to 2024, with Latin America and the Caribbean showing notable progress.svg
Global food insecurity levels declined...
File:Food insecurity levels by region and sex (2024).svg
Food insecurity levels by region and sex...
File:Globally and in most regions, the prevalence of food insecurity has remained consistently higher in rural areas than in urban areas since 2022, with notable improvements in urban areas in Asia and.svg
Globally and in most regions, the...
File:2DU Kenya 86 (5367322642).jpg
2DU Kenya 86 (5367322642).jpg
File:USDA Food insecurity by race and ethnicity.png
USDA Food insecurity by race and ethnicity.png
File:Bengal famine 1943.png
Bengal famine 1943.png
File:Food production per capita.svg
Food production per capita.svg

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