ETA (separatist group)

A group of students started a group.

They wanted a new land for their people. This land was in Spain and France.

The group used fighting to reach their goals. This was a very sad time. Many people were hurt or killed.

Many countries called the group terrorists. They wanted to stop the fighting.

The group said they would stop in 2011. Later, they went away for good.

Now, the group is gone. Peace is a very important thing.

ETA was a group of Basque people. They wanted a new, free land. This land was in Spain and France.

Students started the group in 1959. They wanted to protect Basque culture. They also wanted to help workers. The group had many ideas. Some ideas were about socialism. This is a way of running a country. Others were about religion.

For many years, ETA used fighting to get what they wanted. They used bombs and kidnappings. This was a very hard time. More than 850 people were killed. Many others were hurt. Many countries called the group terrorists.

The group had many parts. They had leaders and workers. They even had secret rooms to hide things. They had different types of members. Some lived normal lives. Others were known to the police.

Over time, the group tried to stop. They called for peace many times. In 2011, they said they would stop fighting. In 2018, the group ended for good.

ETA was a group that wanted to create an independent country for the Basque people. This land would stretch across parts of northern Spain and southern France.

The group's name stands for "Basque Homeland and Liberty" in the Basque language. They wanted to protect their unique culture and language. They also believed in a way of running a country called socialism. This meant they wanted to help workers and share wealth more fairly. They believed the Basque people needed their own state to thrive.

To reach their goals, the group used many different methods. They were organized into many small parts to stay hidden from the police. They had leaders who made big decisions for the whole group. There were also smaller teams called commandos that worked in specific areas. To help these teams, the group used secret rooms called "zulos." These were small spaces hidden in forests or underground to store supplies.

They also had different types of members, including those who lived normal lives without police records.

The group began in 1959 during a time of strict rule in Spain. It was started by a group of Basque students. One person named Federico Krutwig was an early influence on their ideas. Over the years, the group's ideas changed and grew more complex. They combined ideas about nationalism with ideas about Marxism. This meant they focused on both their ethnic identity and the struggle of the working class. They wanted a revolution to change how society worked.

The group's actions led to a long and difficult conflict. They used bombs, kidnappings, and other forms of violence to make their point. Because of these actions, many countries called them a terrorist group. This included the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. The conflict was very serious and caused much harm. Records show that more than 850 people were killed during this time. Also, about 2,600 people were wounded and nearly 90 people were kidnapped.

Eventually, the group began to move toward peace. They declared several ceasefires, which are times when they promised to stop fighting. In 2011, ETA announced they would stop all armed activity for good. They continued to give up their weapons and explosives in 2017. Finally, in May 2018, the group officially dissolved. This means they ended all their structures and political work. This marked the end of a very long chapter in the history of the Basque region.

ETA was an armed separatist organization that operated in Spain and France for nearly sixty years. Its name is an acronym for "Basque Homeland and Liberty" in the Basque language.

The group sought to create an independent Basque state. This territory would span from northern Spain into southern France. They believed this was necessary to protect Basque culture and language. They also wanted to establish a socialist society for the working class.

The organization used a complex, secretive structure to avoid detection by law enforcement. Initially, ETA followed a strict hierarchy with a single leader at the top. This leader managed three main sections: logistics, military, and politics. Later, the group changed its structure to include eleven different substructures. These included areas like international relations, recruitment, and treasury.

This change helped them resist infiltration by Spanish and French police.

Operational activities were carried out by small teams known as commandos. These groups usually consisted of three to five members. They worked in specific geographic zones to conduct attacks. To support these teams, the group used secret storage spaces called "zulos." These were small rooms hidden in forests, underground, or in attics.

Some of these hidden spaces were also used to hold kidnapped people.

ETA members were categorized into different roles based on their relationship with the law. "Legal" members lived normal lives and had no police records. "Liberated" members were known to the police and were on the group's payroll. There were also "supporters" who provided occasional logistics or help.

Other members were considered "burnt out" if they were under police surveillance or had been released from prison.

The group's ideology evolved significantly after its founding in 1959. It began as a nationalist movement during the era of Francoist Spain. Early influences included Federico Krutwig, a revolutionary who supported European federalism.

However, Marxist factions soon became dominant within the organization. By 1965, ETA had two distinct factions: nationalists and socialists. The group eventually defined itself as a Marxist-Leninist movement. They combined the struggle for national independence with the struggle against capitalism.

This period of conflict resulted in significant loss of life and injury. Between 1968 and 2010, ETA's actions killed 829 people. This total included 340 civilians. The group's tactics also caused more than 22,000 injuries.

Nearly 90 people were also kidnapped during the conflict. Because of these violent methods, many nations classified ETA as a terrorist organization. These nations included the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the European Union.

Political connections also played a role in the Basque conflict. The political party Batasuna was often considered the political wing of ETA. Batasuna pursued similar political goals but did not condemn the use of violence. Because of its links to ETA, the Spanish Supreme Court declared Batasuna illegal in 2003. This highlighted the deep connection between the armed group and certain political movements.

The end of ETA came through a series of political shifts and declarations. The group declared several ceasefires in 1989, 1996, 1998, and 2006. In October 2011, ETA announced a definitive cessation of its armed activity.

They gave up all weapons and explosives by 2017. Finally, on May 2, 2018, the group announced it had completely dissolved. This meant all its structures and political initiatives had ended.