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Emil Artin

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Emil Artin was a leading mathematician of the twentieth century.

Born in Vienna on March 3, 1898, he was of Austrian and Armenian descent. His original family name was Artinian, but it was later shortened to Artin. He is best known for his massive contributions to algebraic number theory. His work helped advance the study of class field theory and the construction of L-functions.

Beyond these specific areas, he contributed to the pure theories of rings, groups, and fields. Along with Emmy Noether, Artin is considered a founder of modern abstract algebra. This field of math focuses on studying mathematical structures rather than just individual numbers.

Artin's early life involved significant personal challenges. His father was an opera singer or art dealer with Armenian roots. During Artin's childhood, his father suffered from advanced syphilis and mental instability. He was eventually moved to an asylum at Mauer Öhling, 125 kilometers west of Vienna. His father passed away in July 1906 when Artin was only eight years old. Later, Artin's mother married Rudolf Hübner, a manufacturing entrepreneur from Reichenberg. This move required his mother to leave her career in the theater. Artin moved to Horní Stropnice to attend school, living on a local farm.

In his youth, Artin shared a deep interest in astronomy with a neighbor named Arthur Beer. The two boys each owned telescopes to observe the night sky. They even rigged a telegraph system between their houses to communicate. Once, Beer thought he had discovered a supernova. He sent a message to Artin, who tapped back a reply about the Andromeda nebula.

Despite this curiosity, Artin was not always a top student. In his early years at the Realschule, his math grades were merely satisfactory. He even received unsatisfactory grades in French and for his school comportment. Artin later noted that his true passion for mathematics only appeared at age sixteen. After a period living in France, his academic performance improved significantly. He eventually graduated with distinction, earning his Reifezeugnis in June 1916.

Artin's path to higher education was interrupted by World War I. He matriculated at the University of Vienna in October 1916 to study mathematics. In June 1918, he was drafted into the Austrian army. He was assigned to the 44th Infantry Regiment and stationed near Venice in the Dolomites. To avoid combat, he volunteered to serve as a translator. Although he did not know Italian well, he used his knowledge of French and Latin to help. He even used an encyclopedia to learn how to deal with cockroaches in the barracks. After the war, he returned to the University of Vienna before moving to Leipzig in 1919.

In Leipzig, Artin pursued intensive mathematical studies under his advisor, Gustav Herglotz. He also took diverse courses in chemistry, mechanics, and quantum theory. In June 1921, he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree. His dissertation was titled "Quadratische Körper im Gebiete der höheren Kongruenzen."

He passed his oral examination with extraordinary success. Following this, he moved to the University of Göttingen for post-doctoral studies. Göttingen was known as the "Mecca" of mathematics at the time. There, he worked alongside legendary mathematicians like David Hilbert and Richard Courant. He also collaborated closely with Emmy Noether and Helmut Hasse.

Artin's professional career progressed steadily through various German universities. He accepted a position at the University of Kiel before moving to Hamburg in 1922. In 1923, he completed his Habilitation, which is a thesis required to become a professor in Germany. He became an Associate Professor in 1925 and received German citizenship that same year. By October 15, 1926, he had reached the rank of full Professor.

While he was a brilliant mathematician, he was also a highly accomplished musician. He played many keyboard instruments and was a skilled flautist. He held a deep devotion to the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

In the summer of 1925, Artin sought adventure through a trek in Iceland. He joined a group of six young men from the Wandervogel youth movement. They traveled by steamer to Húsavík and trekked toward Lake Mývatn. The group stayed in farmhouses, barns, and tents during their journey. Artin kept a meticulous journal and took nearly 200 photographs of the trip. He was particularly interested in the geology of the island. He noted that Iceland sits over the boundary of two tectonic plates. This geological activity made the island hyperactive. Even during this rugged trek, Artin and his companions carried music to entertain their hosts.

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