Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🧬

Embioptera

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

The order Embioptera consists of small insects known as webspinners or footspinners.

Embia major mf
Embia major mf

These insects are mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions. They belong to the subclass Pterygota, which includes many winged insects. Scientists have described more than 400 species across 11 different families. Some researchers estimate that there may be as many as 2,000 species living today. Webspinners are unique because they are gregarious and subsocial. This means they live together in organized groups called colonies.

Embioptera túneles 20180801a
Embioptera túneles 20180801a

Webspinners live in complex structures called galleries. These are silk tunnels and chambers that they spin themselves. To build these homes, they use special glands located on their front legs. Specifically, the enlarged basal tarsomere on the front pair of legs produces multiple strands of silk.

Embia major mf
Embia major mf

The insects use this silk to create a protective environment. They rarely venture far from these galleries. Some females may leave a colony to start a new one nearby. Others may move to find new food sources to extend the silk tunnels. This silk-making ability is why they are called webspinners.

Every webspinner has a body shape designed for life in tight spaces. Their bodies are long, narrow, cylindrical, and highly flexible. Their heads feature projecting mouthparts with chewing mandibles.

Embia major mf
Embia major mf

They have kidney-shaped compound eyes and long, thread-like antennae. These antennae can have up to 32 segments. Because the antennae are flexible, they do not get tangled in the silk. They also have cerci on the end of their abdomen. Cerci are two-segmented structures that are very sensitive to touch. Since the tunnels are too narrow to turn around in, the insects use these sensors to navigate while moving backward.

Embia major mf
Embia major mf

Wing use in Embioptera varies between the sexes. In most species, all females and nymphs are wingless. Adult males can be either winged or wingless depending on the species. When males do have wings, they use a process called hydraulics to fly.

Embioptera inflatable wings
Embioptera inflatable wings

Before flight, tiny chambers called sinus veins in the wings inflate with hemolymph. Hemolymph is the insect's blood. This inflation makes the wings rigid enough for use. When the insect lands, the chambers deflate and the wings become flexible again. The wings also have a crosswise crease. This allows the male to fold his wings forward so they do not snag while he darts backward.

Embioptera inflatable wings
Embioptera inflatable wings

Fossil evidence shows that webspinners have a very long history. The oldest known fossils come from the Middle Jurassic period in Inner Mongolia. These fossils include species named Sinembia rossi and Juraembia ningchengensis.

Embia major mf
Embia major mf

These ancient insects belong to a special family called Sinembiidae. Other fossils have been found in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. Many fossils have also been discovered in Eocene Baltic amber and Miocene Dominican amber. These discoveries help scientists understand how the group has changed over millions of years.

The study of webspinner names has changed over time. The name Embioptera comes from Greek words meaning "lively wings." This name might refer to their fast movement rather than just flight. In 1904, Arthur Shipley suggested the name Embioptera, which is now the most accepted name. Earlier, the scientist Günther Enderlein used the name Embiidina in 1909. Other names like Embiomorpha were suggested by Edward S. Ross in 2007. Before these names were settled, entomologists thought webspinners were related to termites or neuropterans.

Life in a colony involves significant maternal care. Adult females often live with their offspring and other related females.

Embioptera túneles 20180801a
Embioptera túneles 20180801a

Mothers protect their eggs in different ways. Some attach eggs to the silk, while others bury them in silk masses. Some females even use saliva to fix eggs in rows on bark. Many mothers guard their eggs closely. If an intruder approaches, the female can use vibratory signals to deter them. This subsocial behavior helps the young survive. After hatching, some mothers even feed the nymphs with chewed leaf litter. This care ensures the survival of the female's genetic lineage.

650 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Neoperla_clymene_hor.png
Neoperla_clymene_hor.png
File:Gryllidae_usda.png
Gryllidae_usda.png
File:Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png
Stagmomantis carolina usda hor.png
File:Stick insect line diagram.png
Stick insect line diagram.png
File:Embia_major_hor.png
Embia_major_hor.png
File:Embia major mf.jpg
Embia major mf.jpg
File:Embioptera inflatable wings.svg
Embioptera inflatable wings.svg
File:Embioptera túneles 20180801a.jpg
Embioptera túneles 20180801a.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.