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Eggs as food

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Eggs are one of the most versatile and widely consumed foods on Earth.

Vogeleier
Vogeleier

While humans have eaten bird eggs for millions of years, the modern food industry relies heavily on the chicken. Most people eat eggs from fowl, such as chickens, ducks, and geese. However, many other types exist.

Eggs in basket 2020 G1
Eggs in basket 2020 G1

Some cultures enjoy quail eggs as gourmet ingredients, while ostrich eggs serve as a luxury food. In parts of England and Scandinavia, gull eggs are considered a delicacy. In some African markets, you might find guineafowl eggs in the spring. Even fish eggs are eaten, known as roe or caviar. This diversity makes eggs a vital part of global nutrition and commerce.

To understand an egg, one must look at its complex anatomy.

Anatomy of an egg
Anatomy of an egg

An egg consists of a protective eggshell, the albumen, and the vitellus. The vitellus is the technical name for the yolk. The albumen, or egg white, is about 90 percent water and 10 percent protein. Its natural purpose is to protect the yolk and provide nutrition for a growing embryo. The yolk is suspended in the white by spiral bands of tissue called chalazae. These structures help keep the yolk centered. The shell itself is made of various proteins and pigments. For example, brown shells get their color from protoporphyrin IX, while blue shells come from biliverdin.

The internal characteristics of an egg can change over time. A fresh egg has a small air cell at the larger end. This air cell forms when the contents cool and contract after being laid. As an egg ages, water is lost through the shell's pores, making the air cell larger. You can test an egg's age by placing it in a bowl of water. A very fresh egg will sink, but an old egg may float. Sometimes, eggs show unusual features. A double-yolk egg occurs when ovulation happens too quickly. A yolkless egg might appear when a young hen, called a pullet, first begins laying. There are even double-shelled eggs caused by specific muscle contractions in the oviduct.

Human history is deeply connected to the domestication of birds.

Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 009
Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 009

Scientists believe chickens were likely domesticated for their eggs before 7500 BCE. These birds descended from wild jungle fowl in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. By 1500 BCE, chickens had reached Egypt and Sumer. In ancient Egypt, the tomb of Haremhab shows people carrying ostrich and pelican eggs as offerings. In ancient Rome, eggs were so important they often started a meal course. Romans even crushed shells in their plates to ward off evil spirits. During the Middle Ages, eggs were forbidden during Lent. This was partly religious, but it also allowed farmers to let their flocks rest and save feed.

Egg production has become a massive global industry. In 2017, the world produced 80.1 million tonnes of chicken eggs. China is the largest producer, contributing 31.3 million tonnes. The United States follows with 6.3 million tonnes, and India produces 4.8 million tonnes. In 2009, there were approximately 6.4 billion hens in the world. These hens produced an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs. This scale of production requires advanced technology, such as candling, to check egg quality.

Fried Egg 2
Fried Egg 2

Culinary uses for eggs are nearly endless. They are used in both sweet and savory dishes, including many baked goods. In the seventeenth century, French cooks scrambled eggs with acidic fruit juices. This practice may have created the origin of lemon curd. Today, you might eat them fried, like a sunny-side-up egg, or scrambled.

Rührei
Rührei

Beyond the kitchen, egg components have other uses. The proteins in egg whites are used in the preparation of vaccines, such as those for influenza. The membranes of the shell are even used commercially as dietary supplements.

World Production Of Hen Eggs
World Production Of Hen Eggs

The way we handle and package eggs has changed with technology and values. In 1911, Joseph Coyle invented the egg carton to prevent breakage. While polystyrene cartons became popular for their protection, the twenty-first century has seen a return to paper. This shift is due to environmental concerns and the use of biodegradable materials. Today, egg production faces debates regarding methods of mass production. For instance, the European Union banned battery husbandry for chickens in 2012. As the industry evolves, it continues to balance the massive global demand with new regulations and environmental needs.

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🖼️ Images & Media (26)
File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 009.jpg
Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 009.jpg
File:Scenes at the Samarkand Square, or the Registan, and Its Market Types. Egg Vendors WDL10882.png
Scenes at the Samarkand Square, or the...
File:Vogeleier.jpg
Vogeleier.jpg
File:Eggs in basket 2020 G1.jpg
Eggs in basket 2020 G1.jpg
File:World Production Of Hen Eggs.svg
World Production Of Hen Eggs.svg
Egg index.webp
File:per capita egg consumption kilograms per year, World, 2022 (cropped).svg
per capita egg consumption kilograms per...
File:egg production thousand tonnes, World, 2023 (cropped).svg
egg production thousand tonnes, World,...
File:Chicken Egg without Eggshell 5859.jpg
Chicken Egg without Eggshell 5859.jpg
File:Anatomy of an egg.svg
Anatomy of an egg.svg
File:An egg with two yols.jpg
An egg with two yols.jpg
File:Fried Egg 2.jpg
Fried Egg 2.jpg

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