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Drum

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A drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system, it is known as a membranophone.

Congas
Congas

This means the sound is produced by a vibrating membrane. Most drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin. This skin is stretched over a shell and struck to create sound. A player might use their hands or a percussion mallet. Some drums also feature a resonant head on the underside to help the sound travel.

Platin Drums PTCL2016 AF
Platin Drums PTCL2016 AF

Drums are the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments. Their basic design has remained virtually unchanged for thousands of years.

To understand how a drum works, we must look at its construction. Most shells have a circular opening where the drumhead is stretched. The shape of the shell can vary significantly between different types. For example, the Western tradition often uses a cylinder shape. However, timpani use bowl-shaped shells, and the djembe uses a goblet shape.

TalkingDrum
TalkingDrum

Some drums, like the bongo drums, use truncated cones. Others, like the African slit drum, are made from hollowed-out tree trunks. Some drums have two heads, one on each end of the shell. In these cases, the shell acts as a resonating chamber for the sound.

Modern drums use specific hardware to control their sound. A drumhead is often held onto the shell by a counterhoop, also called a rim. This hoop is secured by several tuning screws known as tension rods.

Ceremonial drum
Ceremonial drum

A drum might have anywhere from six to ten tension rods. By tightening or loosening these rods, a player can adjust the tension of the head. Higher tension increases the frequency, which makes the pitch higher. Conversely, loosening the rods lowers the pitch. Before tension rods were invented, people used rope systems to tune drums. You can still see this on some traditional instruments like the djembe.

Many factors determine the specific sound a drum produces. The shape, size, and thickness of the shell are very important. For instance, a larger shell diameter results in a lower pitch. A deeper drum will produce a louder volume. The material of the shell also matters, as vibrations resonate through it. Mahogany can raise the frequency of low pitches. In professional settings, drummers choose shells based on their musical needs. A jazz drummer might prefer small maple shells, while a rock drummer might choose large birch shells.

Wiki-mridangam
Wiki-mridangam

The drumhead itself is a major factor in sound quality. Different drumheads serve unique musical purposes. Double-ply drumheads are heavier and help dampen high-frequency harmonics. These are often preferred by rock drummers for heavy playing. Some heads have a white, textured coating to muffle overtones slightly. Other heads feature central dots or perimeter rings to change how the pitch sounds. Jazz drummers often prefer single-ply heads for a different tone. Even the striking method changes the sound, such as using brushes for a quiet jazz effect.

MocheDrum
MocheDrum

The history of the drum is as old as human civilization. In China, drums made with alligator skins date back to the Neolithic period, between 5500 and 2350 BC. In Vietnam, the Bronze Age Dong Son culture created ornate bronze drums, such as the Ngoc Lu drum.

Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 6
Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 6

Drums have also held deep symbolic and religious importance. In Burundi, the karyenda drum was a symbol of the king's power. In many cultures, drums are used in religious ceremonies or as a means of communication. African talking drums can even imitate the tone patterns of spoken language to send messages over distances.

DrumMozartRegiment
DrumMozartRegiment

Throughout history, drums have played vital roles in military life. Chinese troops used tàigǔ drums to set a marching pace and motivate soldiers. During a war in 684 BC, the effect of drums on morale helped change a major battle. In the English Civil War, officers used rope-tension drums to relay commands over the noise of combat. The Aztec nations also used drums called huehuetl to send signals to warriors. Even the ancient Rig Veda mentions a sacred war drum called the Dundhubi. Today, drums remain essential in music therapy and even aerobic exercises like cardio drumming.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:DrumMozartRegiment.jpg
DrumMozartRegiment.jpg
File:TalkingDrum.jpg
TalkingDrum.jpg
File:Platin Drums PTCL2016 AF.jpg
Platin Drums PTCL2016 AF.jpg
File:Ceremonial drum.jpg
Ceremonial drum.jpg
File:Congas.JPG
Congas.JPG
File:Drums for sale at the National Museum of the American Indian.jpg
Drums for sale at the National Museum of...
File:MocheDrum.jpg
MocheDrum.jpg
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bekertrom van hout TMnr 4851-5.jpg
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bekertrom van hout...
File:Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 6.jpg
Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels, Detail 6.jpg
File:Dompedroiibebe.jpg
Dompedroiibebe.jpg
File:Wiki-mridangam.jpg
Wiki-mridangam.jpg
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