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Decade

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A decade is a specific unit of time lasting ten years. You may also encounter the term decennium to describe this same period. Decades serve as helpful tools for organizing history and human experience. We use them to describe large chunks of calendar years. We also use them to measure segments of a person's life. For example, we might say a composer explored new musical styles during his last decade. This refers to the final ten years of that person's existence.

Decades of a human life follow a very specific mathematical pattern. A person's first decade begins on the day of their birth. It concludes when they reach their tenth birthday. The second decade of life starts with the eleventh year of life. This period ends when the person reaches their twentieth birthday. The third decade begins with the twenty-first year of life. This is why people in their twenties are often said to be in their third decade. We continue this pattern by referencing the tens digit of a person's age.

There are two primary methods used to group calendar years into decades. The most widely used approach is the 0-to-9 method. This system groups years based on a shared tens digit. For example, the years from 1960 to 1969 are called the 1960s. People often shorten these names to the "sixties" or "seventies." This method became a common way to talk about time in the late 19th century. However, this naming can sometimes be ambiguous regarding which century is being discussed.

During the 20th century, certain decades gained unique cultural nicknames. These names often reflect the atmosphere of that specific time. The 1920s were famously known as the "Roaring Twenties." The 1940s were sometimes called the "Warring Forties." The 1960s earned the nickname "the Swinging Sixties." People have even applied nicknames to earlier centuries. For instance, the 1890s were sometimes called the "Gay Nineties" or the "Naughty Nineties."

A second, rarer approach is known as the 1-to-0 method. This method groups years starting from the beginning of a calendar era. It produces successive decades from a year ending in 1 to a year ending in 0. For example, the years 1 through 10 are called the 1st decade. The years 11 through 20 would be the 2nd decade. In later history, people describe these using the ordinal number of the century. An example is the "first decade of the 18th century." You might also see these periods written explicitly as 2021–2030.

The 1-to-0 method has a unique limitation regarding the start of our current calendar. The Anno Domini (AD) calendar system does not include a year zero. The BC calendar era ended with the year 1BC. The AD era began immediately after with the year AD1. Because there is no year zero, the 0-to-9 method cannot be applied to the decades immediately preceding AD10. This creates a distinct break in how we group the very earliest years of the AD era.

Because there are two different methods, people often disagree on when a decade starts. A YouGov poll conducted on December 2, 2019, examined this exact confusion. Researchers asked 13,582 adults in the United States when the next decade would begin and end. The results showed that 64% of participants used the 0-to-9 method. They believed the next decade would run from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2029. Meanwhile, 17% of respondents used the 1-to-0 method. They believed the decade would run from 2021 to 2030. The remaining 19% of people stated they did not know.

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