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Deafness

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Deafness is a complex subject with two distinct meanings. In a medical context, deafness is an audiological condition. It refers to hearing loss that prevents a person from understanding spoken language.

Hearingg aids
Hearingg aids

This medical definition uses a lowercase "d" to describe the physical state. However, there is also a cultural context often called "big D Deaf." This refers to a community of people who primarily use sign language. This group includes those with hearing loss and hearing people, such as children of deaf adults. This cultural identity is based on shared social beliefs, art, and history.

Medical deafness occurs when sound information cannot reach the brain properly. There are four main types of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss involves problems in certain parts of the ear. Sensorineural hearing loss affects the inner ear or nerve pathways. Mixed hearing loss combines these different issues. Finally, auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder affects how the ear and brain communicate. These conditions prevent a person from perceiving or interpreting sounds correctly. Even though the way sound is received changes, the brain processes language in the same way. The left hemisphere of the brain handles linguistic patterns regardless of whether they are signed or spoken.

Doctors categorize the severity of hearing loss into four specific levels. Mild hearing loss means a person can hear noises but struggles with soft sounds. Moderate hearing loss means a person can hear almost nothing during normal conversation. Severe hearing loss occurs when a person cannot hear normal sounds and only hears minimal loud sounds. Profound hearing loss is the most extreme level. In profound deafness, a person might only perceive the loudest sounds produced by an audiometer. An audiometer is an instrument that produces pure tone sounds to measure hearing. In cases of total deafness, no sounds can be heard at all, even with amplification.

Technology provides several ways to assist people with hearing impairments. Hearing aids are common devices used to help people understand conversations.

Hearingg aids
Hearingg aids

For more severe cases, doctors may recommend cochlear implants. A cochlear implant is a surgically placed device. It works by stimulating the cochlear nerve to help the person hear. These implants are used instead of hearing aids when speech comprehension is very difficult. For children, receiving an implant at a younger age can improve auditory perception. In the United States, babies with bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss may begin surgical evaluations at six months. The law officially allows these surgeries to happen as early as nine months of age.

Infant with cochlear implant
Infant with cochlear implant

History shows that humans have debated the nature of deafness for centuries. In the fifth century BCE, Plato wrote about sign language in his work, *Cratylus*. He believed deaf people possessed an innate intelligence for language. His student, Aristotle, disagreed and argued that reasoning was impossible without hearing. This debate lasted for a long time. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet wrote a treatise on teaching mute people to speak. Later, in 1760, Charles-Michel de l'Épée opened the first free school for the deaf in France. This institution eventually inspired the American School for the Deaf. It also led to the creation of Gallaudet University, which is the only higher education institution designed specifically for deaf students.

Many international organizations work to support the Deaf community. The Quota International organization provides educational support in the Philippines. In the Philippines, they offer free education at the Leganes Resource Center for the Deaf. The British organization Sounds Seekers provides audiology maintenance technology to hard-to-reach areas. Additionally, the Nippon Foundation supports students at Gallaudet University through international scholarships. These programs help deaf individuals become future leaders. Such support helps close the gap between deaf and non-disabled people in developing countries.

Sign Union flag
Sign Union flag

Daily life involves various adaptations to ensure safety and inclusion. For example, some people use visual signals instead of sounds.

Space Age Electronics light plate
Space Age Electronics light plate

A fire alarm might use a flashing red light to alert someone who cannot hear. In education, students often follow one of two paths. One path is called "mainstreaming," where students attend public, non-specialized schools. In these settings, they might use an interpreter or wear hearing aids. The second path is attending a specialized Deaf school. These are often boarding schools where students live and learn together. Both paths aim to help students find the best environment for their specific needs.

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File:Hearingg aids.png
Hearingg aids.png
File:Space Age Electronics light plate.jpg
Space Age Electronics light plate.jpg
File:Infant with cochlear implant.jpg
Infant with cochlear implant.jpg
File:Sign Union flag.svg
Sign Union flag.svg
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