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Darter

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Darters are large, tropical waterbirds belonging to the family Anhingidae.

Anhinga-in-flight
Anhinga-in-flight

They are often called snakebirds because of their long, thin necks. This name describes how they look when they swim with their bodies submerged. They also use these necks in twisting displays when mating. There are four living species of darters in the world. Three species are very common and widespread. The fourth species is much rarer and is classified as near-threatened by the IUCN.

Anhinga rufa -Chobe River front, Botswana-8
Anhinga rufa -Chobe River front, Botswana-8

This rarity is due to habitat destruction and human interference like pesticide overuse.

These birds are specialized hunters that use a unique method to catch prey. They are foot-propelled divers that quietly stalk and ambush animals in the water. Darters have low buoyancy to help them dive. This is possible because they have wettable plumage, small air sacs, and denser bones. Their most amazing tool is a sharply pointed bill with serrated edges. On the underside of certain neck vertebrae, they have a keel. This keel allows muscles to attach and create a hinge-like mechanism. This mechanism lets them project their head and bill forward like a throwing spear.

Final toss before gulping
Final toss before gulping

After they impale a fish, they return to the surface. They toss the prey into the air and catch it to swallow it head-first.

Darter species can be identified by their specific physical traits and behaviors. The American darter is commonly known as the anhinga. In the southern United States, people sometimes call them water turkeys. They are large, blackish birds with long tails, though they are unrelated to wild turkeys. Within the species, there is sexual dimorphism, which means males and females look different. Males have black and dark-brown plumage and a short crest on the nape. They also have larger bills than the females. Females are often a bit larger overall and have much paler plumage on their necks and underparts.

Darterfemale
Darterfemale

Many interesting changes happen to darters during the breeding season. While they do not have eclipse plumage, their bare skin and eye colors change. Their small gular sac, or throat sac, can change from pink or yellow to black. The bare facial skin can turn from yellow to turquoise. Even the color of their iris changes between yellow, red, or brown seasonally.

Anhinga male in breeding plumage
Anhinga male in breeding plumage

During courtship, males use many displays to attract females. They might raise their wings in an alternating fashion or bow and snap their bills. To strengthen a pair bond, partners may rub their bills together or bow their necks in unison.

History shows how humans have interacted with these birds for a long time. The genus Anhinga was introduced by French zoologist Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799. The name comes from the Tupi word ajíŋa. In local mythology, this refers to a malevolent demonic forest spirit. In some places, humans collect darter eggs as food. In Assam and Bengal, some nomads have even trained tame darters for fishing. This is similar to how cormorants are used. However, as nomads settle down, this cultural tradition is at risk of being lost.

Life in a darter colony involves specific nesting and survival patterns. They usually breed in colonies, sometimes mixed with herons or cormorants. They build nests from twigs and line them with leaves. These nests are located in trees or reeds near the water. A male typically gathers material while the female does most of the construction. They lay between two and six pale green eggs. Because they lack a brood patch, parents use their large webbed feet to keep the eggs warm.

Snake bird nesting
Snake bird nesting

The young are altricial, meaning they are born helpless and need constant care. Parents feed them by regurgitating partly digested food.

Darters are closely related to other waterbirds in the suborder Sulae. This group includes cormorants, shags, gannets, and boobies. Some scientists believe darters and cormorants may be sister taxa. This means they are very closely related on the evolutionary tree. They share similar body and leg skeletons. However, darters have unique traits, such as using their hyoid bone to stretch their gular sac. They also have a unique way of walking. On land, they use a high-stepped gait and spread their wings for balance, much like a pelican.

Australasian Darter
Australasian Darter
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🖼️ Images & Media (8)
File:Anhinga-in-flight.jpg
Anhinga-in-flight.jpg
File:Australasian Darter.jpg
Australasian Darter.jpg
File:Darterfemale.jpg
Darterfemale.jpg
File:Final toss before gulping.jpg
Final toss before gulping.jpg
File:Snake bird nesting.jpg
Snake bird nesting.jpg
File:Anhinga male in breeding plumage.jpg
Anhinga male in breeding plumage.jpg
File:Anhinga rufa -Chobe River front, Botswana-8.jpg
Anhinga rufa -Chobe River front, Botswana-8.jpg
File:AnhingaSmit.jpg
AnhingaSmit.jpg
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