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Daozang

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The Daozang is a massive collection of Taoist writings. It is often called the Taoist Canon. This anthology brings together many different teachings into one place. The collection includes approximately 1,500 distinct texts. These writings continue traditions found in very old books. These core texts include the Daodejing, the Zhuangzi, and the Liezi. Monks assembled the canon to connect these various ideas. They also included many commentaries and explanations from different masters.

The structure of the Daozang is organized into three main divisions. These divisions are known as grottoes. Each grotto focuses on a specific area of Taoist practice. They also represent different levels of skill for Taoist masters. The first is the Authenticity Grotto, or Dongzhen. This grotto contains texts from the Shangqing tradition. It focuses mainly on meditation. This is considered the highest phase of initiation.

The second division is the Mystery Grotto, known as Dongxuan. This section holds texts from the Lingbao tradition. It is primarily concerned with rituals. This represents the middle phase of initiation for a master. The third division is the Spirit Grotto, called Dongshen. This grotto contains texts from the Sanhuang tradition. It focuses on the practice of exorcisms. This is viewed as the lowest phase of initiation.

Within each of these three grottoes, there are twelve specific types of content. These categories help organize the vast amount of information. They include the main texts, called Benwen. There are also special talismans known as Shenfu. Readers can find commentaries called Yujue and diagrams called Lingtu. The collection also holds histories and genealogies called Pulu. Other types include precepts, ceremonies, and various rituals.

Each grotto also contains more specific instructional materials. These include practices called Zhongshu and biographies called Jizhuan. There are also hymns known as Zansong and memorials called Biaozou. Beyond the three grottoes, the canon includes the Four Supplements. Three of these are based on older core texts. These are the Great Mystery, Great Peace, and Great Purity. The fourth supplement is the Orthodox One. This one comes from the Tianshi Dao tradition.

The Daozang has changed significantly through several historical versions. The first major effort occurred around 471 during the Northern and Southern dynasties. A man named Lu Xiujing compiled these first scriptures. This version consisted of roughly 1,228 scrolls. In 748, the Tang emperor Tang Xuan-Zong helped expand the canon. He was a devoted Taoist. His royal family claimed to be descendants of Laozi. He sent clergy to collect even more scriptures.

Later versions grew much larger in size. Around 1016, during the Song dynasty, a revision was made. This version was called the Yunji Qiqian. It contained more than 4,500 scrolls. During this time, many texts from the Tang dynasty were removed. The final major version was produced in 1444 during the Ming dynasty. This version grew to approximately 5,300 scrolls. Many new versions of the Daozang were published after this point.

Despite its size, the Daozang is not considered highly organized. The core divisions have remained preserved over time. However, the order of the texts has changed often. This is because people added new commentaries and revelations. They also added texts that explained earlier writings. These additions created many different ways to arrange the books. The canon remains a complex and evolving body of work. It connects many different philosophical and religious traditions together.

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