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Compass (drawing tool)

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A compass, often called a pair of compasses, is a technical drawing instrument. It is used to inscribe circles or arcs onto a surface.

IMB DQj3Fs
IMB DQj3Fs

These tools are essential in mathematics, drafting, and navigation. Before computers became common, manual drafting relied heavily on these physical instruments. Today, computer-aided design programs handle many drafting tasks. However, physical compasses remain important for teaching geometry and technical drawing. They serve a vital didactic purpose in classrooms worldwide.

Most compasses consist of two legs joined by a hinge. This hinge allows the user to adjust the radius, which is the distance from the center to the edge.

Zirkel
Zirkel

One leg is known as the steady leg. This leg features a needle point that acts as an anchor. The other leg is the adjustable leg. It holds the drawing tool, such as a pencil, a pen, or a piece of lead. The user can change the size of the circle by altering the angle between these two legs.

Precision is a key feature of a high-quality compass. The hinge is controlled by a screw that holds the legs in position. A tighter hinge-screw leads to more accurate performance. Some advanced models are called "Spring-Bow Compasses." These high-quality versions are made of plated metal. They include a small, serrated wheel for fine adjustments. They may also feature a spring that encompasses the hinge to help maintain stability.

To draw a circle, the user must follow a specific process. First, the needle point of the steady leg is pushed into the paper. This point establishes the center of the circle. Next, the drawing tool on the adjustable leg is placed on the surface. The user then moves the pencil around the center while keeping the leg angle constant. Some people find it easier to hold the compass still and rotate the paper instead.

IMB DQj3Fs
IMB DQj3Fs

There are several specialized variants of the compass designed for different tasks. A beam compass uses a long wooden or brass beam with sliding sockets. This tool is used to draw circles much larger than a regular compass can manage.

Cyrkiel RB1
Cyrkiel RB1

Another type is the dividing compass, or dividers. These have two spikes instead of a pencil. They are used to mark distances on maps. By measuring how many times the spikes fit between two points, a user can calculate the distance.

Other specialized tools exist for specific trades and shapes. Scribe-compasses are used by carpenters to trace lines or bisect angles. Some versions use a wing nut to tighten the pencil and lock the distance. Reduction compasses, or proportional dividers, are used to enlarge or reduce patterns while keeping angles the same. There are even ellipse drawing compasses designed specifically for that shape.

Rotring S0214750 with Rapidograph 0.5 mm drawing 1.5–15 mm circles
Rotring S0214750 with Rapidograph 0.5 mm drawing 1.5–15 mm circles

The history of the compass is tied to the foundations of geometry. Euclid discussed an abstract version called a "collapsing compass" in his work, *The Elements*. A collapsing compass is a theoretical tool that disappears after drawing a circle. It cannot be moved to draw another circle of the same size. However, Euclid proved in his second proposition of Book I that such a tool could still transfer distances. This proved that a collapsing compass could perform any task a real compass could do.

Beyond math, the compass holds significant symbolic value. It is often used as a symbol of precision and discernment. This is why it appears in various logos and icons. For example, it is part of the Freemasons' Square and Compasses. Even literature has embraced the tool. In 1611, the English poet John Donne used the compass as a conceit in his poem "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning."

Rotring S0214750 with Rapidograph 0.5 mm drawing 1.5–15 mm circles
Rotring S0214750 with Rapidograph 0.5 mm drawing 1.5–15 mm circles
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File:Cyrkiel RB1.jpg
Cyrkiel RB1.jpg
File:Rotring S0214750 with Rapidograph 0.5 mm drawing 1.5–15 mm circles.jpg
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