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Common bream

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The common bream, known scientifically as *Abramis brama*, is a significant freshwater fish species. It belongs to the family Leuciscidae and the subfamily Leuciscinae. This fish is highly adaptable and plays a major role in European aquatic ecosystems. It is currently considered the only species within its specific genus, *Abramis*.

Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752
Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752

Physically, the common bream has a very distinct body shape. It features a high-backed, laterally flattened profile that looks somewhat like a disc. Younger fish often appear bright silver in color. However, as they age, they may develop a bronze coloration, particularly in clear water environments.

Bronze coloured Abramis brama
Bronze coloured Abramis brama

Their fins are typically greyish or black, but they never show reddish tints. This distinguishes them from the silver bream, which has reddish fins as an adult. To be certain of the species, scientists count the scales in a straight line from the first dorsal fin ray to the lateral line. A common bream will always have 11 or more rows of scales, while a silver bream has fewer than 10.

The feeding mechanics of the bream are quite specialized. Most bream live in schools near the bottom of their habitat. They possess a protractile mouth, which is a mouth that can be extended forward. This allows the fish to dig into the substrate to find food. They primarily hunt for chironomid larvae, Tubifex worms, bivalves, and gastropods. They also consume water plants and plankton.

Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752
Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752

In very turbid or cloudy water, the bream may switch to filter feeding. In this process, they use their gill rakers to strain tiny organisms like *Daphnia* water fleas from the water. However, as the fish grows, the gill rakers become too far apart to catch these small prey items. This biological limit means the fish will not grow larger than 45 centimeters.

The life cycle of the common bream begins with a specific spawning process. Spawning typically occurs between April and June when water temperatures reach approximately 15°C. During this period, males develop white tubercles, which are small bumps, on their heads and upper bodies. These males also establish and defend territories.

Abramis-brama-laichausschlag
Abramis-brama-laichausschlag

Females are incredibly prolific, laying between 90,000 and 300,000 eggs for every kilogram of their body weight. These eggs are spread over weed or reed beds over a period of 7 to 14 days. After fertilization, the fry hatch within 3 to 12 days. The young fry use special adhesive glands to attach themselves to water plants. This keeps them safe while they consume their yolk sacs. Once the yolk is gone, they move into larger shoals and transition from eating zooplankton to bottom-feeding.

History shows how our understanding of the bream has evolved through taxonomy. The species was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. He originally placed it in the genus *Cyprinus* as *Cyprinus brama*. His description was published in the 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*. Later, in 1816, the scientist Georges Cuvier proposed the genus *Abramis*. He designated the original *Cyprinus brama* as the type species for this new genus.

Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752
Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752

The common bream is widely distributed across Europe. Its range extends north of the Alps and the Pyrenees, as well as through the Balkans. They can be found as far east as the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas. They prefer slow-flowing rivers, canals, lakes, and ponds. Specifically, they thrive in nutrient-rich environments with muddy bottoms and abundant algae. They are also capable of living in brackish waters where salt and fresh water mix.

Because of their high fertility and ability to adapt, bream can easily overpopulate. This overpopulation often leads to stunted growth, where fish grow very slowly and remain small. If a bream becomes malnourished, it may develop a condition known as "knife back," characterized by a sharp edge along its spine. While they are not usually caught for eating, they are very popular in sport fishing. In the United Kingdom, the current European record for a common bream caught with a rod and reel is 5.41 kilograms.

Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752
Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752
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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB imported from iNaturalist photo 502393752.jpg
Common Bream, Thatcham, England, GB...
File:Bronze coloured Abramis brama.jpg
Bronze coloured Abramis brama.jpg
File:Abramis-brama-laichausschlag.jpg
Abramis-brama-laichausschlag.jpg
File:Abramis brama Prague Vltava 1.jpg
Abramis brama Prague Vltava 1.jpg
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