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Clavicle

life science Maturity 9-11 Next article →

The clavicle, often called the collarbone or keybone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone.

Clavicle 3d Model
Clavicle 3d Model

It is unique because it is the only long bone in the human body that lies horizontally. There are two clavicles, one located on each side of the body. Together with the scapula, or shoulder blade, they form the shoulder girdle. This structure is vital for connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton. It serves as a mechanical strut that keeps the scapula in place. This allows the arm to hang freely and move through a wide range of motion.

Parts Of Clavicle
Parts Of Clavicle

To understand how it works, look at its two ends and its central shaft. The medial end, also called the sternal end, is rounded and quadrangular. It connects to the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. The lateral end, or acromial end, is flattened and wider than the rest of the bone. It connects to the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint. The shaft itself is divided into two main regions. The medial region is the longest, making up two-thirds of the entire shaft. The lateral region is the widest part of the bone, but it is also the thinnest.

Gray200
Gray200

The clavicle acts like a flexible, crane-like strut for the body. It transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the rest of the skeleton. It also protects the neurovascular bundle, which is a group of nerves and blood vessels. This bundle is located in the cervicoaxillary canal and supplies the upper limb. The bone's S-shape allows it to rotate along its axis. This rotation occurs when the shoulder is abducted, or moved away from the body. This movement is why the bone was named 'clavicula,' which means 'little key' in Latin.

Brachial Plexus
Brachial Plexus

Developmentally, the clavicle is quite remarkable. It is the very first bone to begin ossification during embryonic development. Ossification is the process of laying down minerals onto a preformed matrix to create bone. This begins during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation. However, it is also one of the last bones to finish this process. Most people do not complete ossification until they are between 21 and 25 years old. The bone consists of a mass of cancellous bone surrounded by a compact bone shell. The lateral end forms through intramembranous ossification, while the medial end forms through endochondral ossification.

Gray201
Gray201

Many muscles and ligaments attach to the clavicle to provide stability. On the lateral end, the deltoid muscle attaches to the deltoid tubercle. The trapezius muscle attaches to the posterior border of the lateral region. On the inferior surface, the subclavius muscle attaches to the subclavian groove. There are also specific attachment sites like the trapezoid line and the conoid tubercle. These sites hold the trapezoid and conoid ligaments in place. These ligaments are part of the coracoclavicular ligament. This ligament connects the collarbone to the coracoid process of the scapula.

Clavicula inf
Clavicula inf

Because of its position, the clavicle is the most commonly broken bone in the body. Fractures often happen from a direct hit to the shoulder. They also occur when a person falls on outstretched arms. The most common site for a fracture is the junction between the two curves. This is the weakest point of the bone. In some cases, the sternocleidomastoid muscle can lift the broken piece upward. This movement can even perforate the overlying skin. Doctors also use the mid-clavicular line as a medical reference. This vertical line helps them locate the gallbladder or evaluate the heart.

Clavicula sup
Clavicula sup

The history of this bone shows how much animals have changed over time. In primitive bony fish, the clavicle is associated with the pectoral fin. In birds, the two clavicles have fused into a single Y-shaped bone. This structure is called the furcula, which is commonly known as a wishbone. In dinosaurs, the clavicle was present in saurischian groups. However, it was largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. Some mammals have even reduced or lost their clavicles entirely. This loss allows the scapula more freedom to move, which helps with fast running. The clavicle remains a fascinating example of biological engineering across many species.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Clavicula inf.jpg
Clavicula inf.jpg
File:Clavicula sup.jpg
Clavicula sup.jpg
File:Gray200.png
Gray200.png
File:Gray201.png
Gray201.png
File:Clavicle 3d Model.gif
Clavicle 3d Model.gif
File:Parts Of Clavicle.png
Parts Of Clavicle.png
File:Brachial Plexus.png
Brachial Plexus.png
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