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Cimabue

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Cimabue was a significant Italian painter and mosaic designer from Florence.

Cimabue - Maestà di Santa Trinita - Google Art Project
Cimabue - Maestà di Santa Trinita - Google Art Project

He is widely recognized for his role in transitioning art away from the Italo-Byzantine style. This older style was often characterized by flat, stylized figures. Cimabue introduced more lifelike figural proportions to his subjects. He also used sophisticated shading techniques to suggest volume and physical weight. His work helped bridge the gap between medieval traditions and the coming Renaissance.

To achieve these effects, Cimabue utilized several distinct artistic methods. He frequently worked with tempera and gold on wooden panels. This technique allowed for bright, shimmering colors and detailed textures.

La Vierge et l'Enfant en majesté entourés de six anges - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures INV 254 ; MR 159
La Vierge et l'Enfant en majesté entourés de six anges - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures INV 254 ; MR 159

He also created large-scale frescoes, which are paintings applied directly to wet plaster on walls.

San Francesco Cimabue
San Francesco Cimabue

Additionally, he designed complex mosaics composed of small, colored pieces. For example, he worked on mosaics for the Florence Baptistery.

Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie del battista, 1250-1330 ca., 02 nascita e imposizione del nome, attr. a cimabue
Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie del battista, 1250-1330 ca., 02 nascita e imposizione del nome, attr. a cimabue

In his final years, he contributed to a mosaic of Christ Enthroned in the Pisa Cathedral.

Cimabue's career involved various types of religious commissions. His Crucifixion paintings show his evolving style. Around 1270, he likely painted a Crucifix in Arezzo at the church of San Domenico.

Cimabue 025
Cimabue 025

This work featured golden striations on the clothing, a detail introduced by Coppo di Marcovaldo. Later, he created a more advanced Crucifix for the Santa Croce church in Florence. This later work showed traces of naturalism, perhaps inspired by the sculptor Nicola Pisano. He also painted many Maestà works, which are large paintings of the Virgin Mary enthroned. One such Maestà is in the Louvre, and another is in Bologna.

Cimabue, maestà di santa maria dei servi
Cimabue, maestà di santa maria dei servi

Much of what we know about Cimabue comes from the historian Giorgio Vasari. Vasari wrote in his book, *Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects*. He claimed Cimabue was the teacher of Giotto, a major figure of the Italian Proto-Renaissance. Vasari told a story about finding a young Giotto drawing sheep with a rock.

San Francesco Cimabue
San Francesco Cimabue

However, many modern scholars discount this claim. They cite earlier historical sources suggesting Giotto had different teachers. Despite these uncertainties, Cimabue's influence on the development of Italian art remains a central topic of study.

Cimabue's work in Assisi represents a major period of his life. During the pontificate of Pope Nicholas IV, he worked in the Basilica of San Francesco. He created a fresco titled *Madonna with Child Enthroned, Four Angels and St Francis*.

Cimabue - Madonna and Child, Angels and St. Francis - after resoration 2023.4
Cimabue - Madonna and Child, Angels and St. Francis - after resoration 2023.4

He was also commissioned to decorate the apse and transept of the Upper Basilica. This cycle included scenes from the Gospels and the lives of St. Peter and St. Paul. Many of these paintings are currently in poor condition. This is due to the oxidation of the bright colors he used.

Cimabue's personality and legacy are equally complex. His nickname, Cimabue, may mean "ox-head." It might also mean "one who crushes the views of others," based on the Italian verb *cimare*. Vasari described him as a noble but haughty man. He allegedly would destroy any work if he noticed a mistake in it. This pride is reflected in literature, such as Dante's *Divine Comedy*. In the *Purgatorio*, Dante laments how Giotto's fame eventually eclipsed Cimabue's. This serves as a reflection on the fleeting nature of human glory.

Today, Cimabue's art remains highly valuable and significant. In October 2019, his painting *The Mocking of Christ* sold for 24 million euros.

La Dérision du Christ - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures RFML.PE.2023.33.1 - après restauration
La Dérision du Christ - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures RFML.PE.2023.33.1 - après restauration

This sale set a new world record for a medieval painting. It was discovered in a kitchen in northern France. This event highlights how much collectors still value his skill. His ability to move toward naturalism helped set the stage for the entire Renaissance era.

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🖼️ Images & Media (41)
File:Cimabue - Maestà di Santa Trinita - Google Art Project.jpg
Cimabue - Maestà di Santa Trinita -...
File:Cimabue (attr.), tavola di san francesco, museo della porziuncola.jpg
Cimabue (attr.), tavola di san francesco,...
File:San Francesco Cimabue.jpg
San Francesco Cimabue.jpg
File:Cimabue 025.jpg
Cimabue 025.jpg
File:Cimabue 027.jpg
Cimabue 027.jpg
File:La Vierge et l'Enfant en majesté entourés de six anges - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures INV 254 ; MR 159.jpg
La Vierge et l'Enfant en majesté entourés...
File:Cimabue, The Virgin and Child Enthroned with Two Angels.jpg
Cimabue, The Virgin and Child Enthroned...
File:La Dérision du Christ - Cimabue - Musée du Louvre Peintures RFML.PE.2023.33.1 - après restauration.jpg
La Dérision du Christ - Cimabue - Musée...
File:Cimabue - Flagellation.jpg
Cimabue - Flagellation.jpg
File:Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie del battista, 1250-1330 ca., 02 nascita e imposizione del nome, attr. a cimabue.JPG
Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie...
File:Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie del battista, 1250-1330 ca., 03 san giovannino nel deserto, attr. a cimabue con ampi restauri.JPG
Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie...
File:Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie della genesi 1250-1330 ca., 04 peccato originale, attr. a gaddo gaddi.JPG
Mosaici del battistero di firenze, storie...

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