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Charles Thomas Jackson

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Charles Thomas Jackson was a prominent American scientist during the 19th century. He contributed to several different fields, including medicine, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology.

Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880
Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880

Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1805, he came from a well-known New England family. He graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1829. That same year, he won the Boylston prize for his medical dissertation. His interest in geology grew after a trip to Nova Scotia with his friend Francis Alger. This trip helped shape his future career as a researcher of the Earth.

Jackson spent several years studying both medicine and geology in Europe. This travel allowed him to meet many famous European scientists and physicians. Upon returning to the United States, he joined the geological survey movement. He served as the state geologist for Maine, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire between 1836 and 1844.

Jackson Charles Thomas signature
Jackson Charles Thomas signature

He also worked as a mining consultant for the Lake Superior Copper Company. This company was one of the first to mine native copper on Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula.

In 1847, Jackson was appointed the United States Geologist for the Lake Superior land district. This region was becoming one of the world's most important areas for copper production. However, his leadership of this survey was considered a disaster. He was eventually dismissed from his position. His assistants, John Wells Foster and Josiah Dwight Whitney, were tasked with finishing the work. Despite this setback, Jackson's mineralogical insights were very advanced. In 1849, he made a claim regarding the mining of Lake Superior copper. While many credited Douglass Houghton with this discovery, historical evidence suggests Jackson's claim was valid.

Jackson is perhaps most famous for his many intense priority conflicts. A priority conflict happens when scientists argue over who discovered something first. Jackson often announced a discovery and then claimed he had found it before anyone else. These disputes were often bitter and affected the social and scientific world. He was involved in arguments regarding guncotton and Christian Friedrich Schönbein. He also disputed claims about the telegraph and Samuel F. B. Morse. Other conflicts involved the digestive functions of the stomach and the use of ether as an anesthetic.

Regarding ether, Jackson had a complex relationship with William T. G. Morton. In 1850, the French Academy of Sciences awarded the Montyon Prize to both men. The prize was worth 5,000 francs and was divided equally between them. The Academy credited Jackson as the discoverer of etherization. They credited Morton as the first person to apply it to surgery.

Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880
Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880

Because of his work with ether, Jackson received many European honors. In 1849, King Oscar of Sweden gave him a special gold medal of merit. He also received the Legion of Honour and other prestigious awards.

Jackson was very active in the Boston Society of Natural History. He joined the society in 1832 and contributed roughly 700 geological specimens to their museum. He served as a curator for the society starting in 1833. Later, in 1838, he became the curator of mineralogy and geology.

Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880
Charles Thomas Jackson 1805-1880

He held high leadership roles, serving as the first vice president from 1843 to 1874. His long service helped build the scientific community in Boston.

In 1873, Jackson was admitted to McLean Hospital. While some believed he suffered from mental illness, medical facts suggest he had a left brain stroke. This stroke affected his language area and meant he could never speak again.

Charles Jackson grave
Charles Jackson grave

The trustees of the McLean Asylum respected his past scientific contributions. They allowed him to stay at the hospital as a guest at no charge. Jackson died at the hospital on August 29, 1880. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Charles Jackson grave
Charles Jackson grave

He rests in the same cemetery as his former rival, Dr. William T. G. Morton.

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