Carya ovata

This is a large tree.

It has shaggy bark. Young trees have smooth bark.

The tree makes nuts. The nuts have a hard shell.

Animals like to eat them. Squirrels and bears eat the nuts.

People can eat the nuts too. They have a good taste. The wood is very strong. We can use it for tools. It is a very special tree.

The shagbark hickory is a large tree. It grows in eastern North America.

Mature trees are easy to spot. They have shaggy bark. Young trees have smooth bark. The leaves are long. They have five small parts called leaflets.

This tree makes nuts. The nuts have a hard shell. They grow inside a green husk. The husk splits open in the fall.

Many animals eat these nuts. Squirrels, raccoons, and bears love them. Native Americans also used the nuts for food. They made a milk drink from them.

The wood is very heavy and tough. People use it to make tools. It is good for axe handles and drum sticks. The wood is so strong that it gave President Andrew Jackson a nickname. People called him "Old Hickory."

These trees can live for a long time. Some live for more than 350 years. They start making seeds at 10 years old. They make many seeds after 40 years.

The shagbark hickory is a large tree found in eastern North America. It is known for being a very strong and tough plant. This tree can live for more than 350 years.

Some trees grow even taller than others. One very tall tree was measured in Savage Gulf, Tennessee. The tree has two different varieties. One is the northern shagbark hickory. The other is the southern shagbark hickory, also called the Carolina hickory.

This tree grows in a very interesting way. Young trees have bark that feels smooth. As the tree gets older, the bark becomes shaggy. This is how it gets its name.

The leaves are long and have leaflets. Most leaves have five leaflets. Sometimes they might have three or seven. The tree also makes flowers. Some flowers grow on long stalks called catkins. Other flowers grow in short spikes. The tree starts making seeds at 10 years old. It makes many more seeds after it reaches 40 years.

Many people have used this tree throughout history. Native Americans used the nuts as a main food. They used the nut meat to make drinks or corn cakes. They also used the wood for many things. They made bows and used it to smoke meat.

The wood is very heavy and hard. It weighs 63 pounds per cubic foot when dry. This makes it great for tools like axe handles. It is also used for ploughs and drum sticks. Even President Andrew Jackson had a nickname because of it. People called him "Old Hickory" because he was so tough.

Finding these trees can be a bit unpredictable. The tree does not always make the same amount of nuts. It might have a good crop every 3 to 5 years. Sometimes there are very few nuts at all. Animals like squirrels and raccoons love to eat them.

Even bears and foxes eat the nuts. This can mean the tree loses its whole crop to animals. The tree is also found in parts of Canada and Mexico. It was even brought to Europe in the 1600s.

Learning about the shagbark hickory helps us see how trees connect to the world. You might know other nuts like pecans. These hickory nuts can be used just like pecans in cooking. The bark can even be used to make a syrup.

The tree is part of a large group called Juglandaceae. All trees in this group have large taproots. This makes them hard to move to new places. Because they grow slowly, they are not often used for decoration. Instead, they remain a strong part of the forest.

The shagbark hickory, known scientifically as *Carya ovata*, is a large deciduous tree native to eastern North America.

It is a significant part of forest ecosystems because it provides food for many different animals. This tree is also famous for its incredibly strong and tough wood. While it is a common species, it can be difficult to grow in orchards. This is because the tree is unreliable when it comes to producing fruit.

It can grow to a very large size and live for more than 350 years.

The tree has a unique way of growing and changing over time. Young shagbark hickories have smooth bark. However, as the tree matures, the bark becomes shaggy and peels away in long strips. This distinct look is how the tree earned its common name.

The leaves are long and pinnate, which means they have leaflets arranged along a central stem. Most leaves have five leaflets, though you may occasionally see three or seven. The terminal three leaflets are much larger than the two at the base. The tree is also monoecious. This means it has both male and female flowers on the same plant. The male, or staminate, flowers grow on long-stalked catkins. The female, or pistillate, flowers grow in short terminal spikes.

There are two main varieties of the shagbark hickory. The first is *Carya ovata* var. *ovata*, often called the northern shagbark hickory. This variety has large leaflets that are over 6 inches long and nuts that are also long. The second variety is *Carya ovata* var. *australis*, known as the southern shagbark or Carolina hickory. This variety has smaller leaflets, measuring under 6 inches, and smaller nuts.

Some scientists even consider the southern variety to be its own separate species, *Carya carolinae-septentrionalis*.

History shows that humans have relied on this tree for thousands of years. Native Americans used the hickory nuts as a vital staple in their diets. At an ancient site in Georgia, researchers found hickory nuts and tools used for processing them. These tools suggest that people stored and processed the nuts on a large scale. They used the nut meat to make drinks, corn cakes, and hominy. The wood was also very important for making bows and smoking meat. The name "hickory" itself comes from an older word, *pawcohiccora*, which meant hickory-nut meat or a nut milk drink.

The nuts of the shagbark hickory are a drupe. This means they have a hard, bony shell inside a thick, green husk. The husk has four sections and splits open in the fall when the nut is mature.

Producing these nuts is a slow process. A tree begins to produce seeds at about 10 years of age. However, it does not produce large quantities until it is 40 years old. It can continue producing for at least 100 years. Even then, production is erratic. A tree might have a good crop every 3 to 5 years, but other years may have none at all. Animals like squirrels, raccoons, and black bears often eat the crops, sometimes causing the entire harvest to be lost.

The wood of the shagbark hickory is incredibly dense and heavy. When air-dried, it weighs about 63 pounds per cubic foot. Because it is so tough, it is used to make tools that need strength, such as axe handles, ploughs, and drum sticks. This toughness even influenced human history. The seventh U.S. President, Andrew Jackson, was nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his tough character. In Tennessee, six shagbark hickories once stood around his grave site. They remained there for 168 years until a storm destroyed many trees at the site in 1998.

Today, the shagbark hickory connects to many different scientific fields. In genetics, we see that it can hybridize with other trees like the pecan. It has 32 chromosomes, which allows it to cross with other species in the *Carya* genus. This can create "hican" varieties used in some commercial settings. In ecology, the tree supports a wide range of wildlife, from mice to wild turkeys. Because these trees have large taproots, they are difficult to transplant. This makes them better suited for natural forests than for being used as ornamental trees in gardens.