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Buteo

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Buteo is a genus of medium to large raptors found across much of the world. These birds of prey are known for their robust bodies and very broad wings. In the Old World, people often call them "buzzards." In the New World, they are more commonly called "hawks." Because these names can be confusing for scientists, they often use the term Buteo to be more precise. These birds play a vital role in their ecosystems as predators.

One of the most striking things about Buteos is how they fly. Many species spend much of their time soaring on thermals. A thermal is a column of rising warm air. By using these currents, Buteos can stay aloft over open areas with very little effort. Their flight style depends on their specific body shape. Long-winged species, such as Swainson's hawks, have a buoyant and floppy flight. In contrast, red-tailed hawks have shorter wings. They soar more slowly and use deeper, more labored flaps to move through the air.

Buteos vary greatly in size and weight. The roadside hawk is one of the lightest, with an average wingspan of about 76 centimeters. On the other end of the scale is the upland buzzard. It is the largest species, averaging a length of 61 centimeters and a wingspan of 132 centimeters. The ferruginous hawk is also a giant. While it is rivaled by the upland buzzard in length, it is much heavier. In these large species, adult males often weigh over 1,000 grams. Mature females can even exceed a mass of 1,500 grams.

These raptors are opportunistic hunters, meaning they eat many different things. Their primary diet consists of small mammals, especially rodents. They hunt animals like squirrels, chipmunks, voles, and gerbils. Because many rodents are active at night, Buteos often hunt during the first or last few hours of light. Some very large species can even take down rabbits or hares weighing 2,000 grams. Other Buteos have more specialized diets. The Swainson's hawk can rely almost entirely on crickets and dragonflies while wintering in South America.

Buteos are also known for their unique breeding behaviors. They build nests using sticks and other materials. These nests are usually placed in large trees that are hard for climbing predators to reach. Most Buteos form stable pairs that may stay together for several years. A female typically lays between two and four eggs. She stays on the nest to incubate the eggs, while the male brings her food. Once the chicks hatch, life can be competitive. Older siblings are often stronger and may act aggressively toward younger ones.

Humans have studied the history of these birds for centuries. The name Buteo was established in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède. He named the genus after the common buzzard, which had been named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. We also know about ancient Buteos through the fossil record. Many fossils have been found in North America, specifically in places like South Dakota and Washington. These fossils help scientists understand how the genus has changed over millions of years.

Today, Buteo populations face different challenges depending on where they live. Some species, like the red-tailed hawk, are very common and may have populations exceeding one million individuals. Others are in much more danger. The Socotra buzzard and Galapagos hawks are considered vulnerable to extinction. The Ridgway's hawk is even more threatened and is listed as Critically Endangered. One major problem is habitat destruction. Another is poisoning. For example, Swainson's hawks have declined because they eat insects that have been treated with insecticides in South America.

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