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Bucephalus

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Bucephalus was a legendary horse from classical antiquity. He was the personal horse of Alexander the Great. This animal became one of the most famous horses in history. The name Bucephalus comes from the Greek words for "ox-headed." This name likely refers to a brand or scar on his thigh. This mark reportedly looked like the head of an ox.

Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell
Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell

Historical accounts describe the physical appearance of Bucephalus. He was a massive creature with a massive head. He had a black coat and a large white star on his brow. Some accounts say he had a "wall eye," which is a blue eye. He belonged to the "best Thessalian strain." This means he came from a highly valued breed of horses.

Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and Bucephalus
Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and Bucephalus

Alexander first met the horse in 344 BC. At that time, he was only twelve or thirteen years old. A horse dealer named Philonicus the Thessalian offered the horse to King Philip II. The asking price was a very high sum of 13 talents. King Philip was not interested because no one could tame the animal. Alexander decided to try and win a wager with his father. He offered to pay for the horse himself if he failed.

Alexander succeeded by observing the horse's behavior. He noticed the animal was distressed by its own shadow. Alexander spoke soothingly to the horse to calm it. He then turned the horse's head toward the sun. This prevented the animal from seeing its shadow. He also dropped his fluttering cloak to remove a source of fear. King Philip was so impressed that he told Alexander to seek a kingdom worthy of himself.

Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and Bucephalus
Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and Bucephalus

Bucephalus served as a charger in many battles. Alexander viewed the horse as a hero. This emulated the Greek hero Achilles. Achilles believed his horses were immortal because they were given by the god Poseidon. The horse was a central figure in Alexander's military life.

Alexander the Great mosaic
Alexander the Great mosaic

There are different accounts regarding the death of Bucephalus. Arrian states the horse died at the age of thirty. Other sources suggest he died from injuries during the Battle of the Hydaspes in June 326 BC. This battle was fought against King Porus. The event took place in the region of modern-day Punjab, Pakistan.

Alexander the Great mosaic
Alexander the Great mosaic

Alexander was deeply grieved by the loss of his horse. He founded a city to honor the animal. He named this city Alexandria Bucephalus. The city was located on the west bank of the Hydaspes River. Today, this river is known as the Jhelum River in Pakistan. Some traditions say the horse is buried near the town of Jalalpur Sharif.

Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell
Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell

Legends about Bucephalus grew over many centuries. The Alexander Romance contains mythic versions of his story. One tale says the Delphic Oracle predicted a great king would ride him. This king would have a horse with an ox's head mark. Some legends even claim Alexander and Bucephalus were born at the same time. Some stories even say they died at the same hour.

Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell
Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell
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File:Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell.JPG
Alexander & Bucephalus by John Steell.JPG
File:Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and Bucephalus.jpeg
Domenico Maria Canuti - Alexander and...
File:Alexander the Great mosaic.jpg
Alexander the Great mosaic.jpg
File:Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786-1846) - Alexander the Great (356–323 BC), Taming Bucephalus - 485149 - National Trust.jpg
Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786-1846) -...
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