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Black-backed jackal

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The black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) is a medium-sized canine found throughout eastern and southern Africa.

Black-backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) (51995687394), crop
Black-backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) (51995687394), crop

This species is highly adaptable and lives in many environments. These include arid coastal deserts and areas with over 2,000 mm of rainfall. They can also live in savannas, farmlands, and even alpine regions. Because they survive so well in different landscapes, they are listed as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List.

Black Backed Jackal Masaai Mara April 2008
Black Backed Jackal Masaai Mara April 2008

Physically, the jackal has a slender body with long legs and large ears.

Lupulella mesomelas skull & skeleton
Lupulella mesomelas skull & skeleton

Its base coat color ranges from tan to reddish brown. A distinctive black saddle of hair extends from the shoulders to the base of the tail. This saddle is often mixed with silvery hair. A long black stripe along the flanks helps researchers identify individual jackals. The tail is bushy and ends with a black tip. In winter, their coat becomes a much deeper reddish brown.

These canids are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and animals.

136 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent
136 Black-backed jackal hunting for food at Cape cross Photo by Giles Laurent

Their diet includes invertebrates like beetles, grasshoppers, and scorpions. They also hunt small mammals such as rodents, hares, and young antelopes. In coastal areas, they may eat fish, mussels, or even beached marine mammals. They are more carnivorous than other jackal species. This is due to their well-developed carnassial shear, which are teeth used for cutting. They also have longer cutting blades on their premolars.

Black-backed jackals live in monogamous pairs. This means a male and a female stay together as a mated pair. They are very territorial and defend their space using scent marking. They lay feces and urine on the boundaries of their territory. The pair also uses vocalizations to advertise their presence. They can yelp, howl, growl, or cackle.

When they have pups, they use a cooperative breeding system. Older offspring often stay to help the parents raise the new litter. This teamwork helps increase the survival rates of the pups.

There are two recognized subspecies of the black-backed jackal.

The first is the Cape black-backed jackal (L. m. mesomelas). It lives from the Cape of Good Hope north through Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and southern Mozambique. The second is the East African black-backed jackal (L. m. schmidti). This subspecies lives in southern Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, and northern Tanzania. The East African version has a shorter, wider skull and different teeth. A geographic gap between Zambia and Tanzania separates these two groups.

Scientists have studied the history of this species for centuries. Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber first named it in 1775.

Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I)

Fossil evidence shows they have lived in Africa for 2 to 3 million years. Fossils found in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa are very similar to modern jackals. Recent DNA studies show they are very ancient. They are one of the most ancient living canids. Some researchers suggest they belong in a separate genus called Lupulella. This is because their genetic distance from other wolf-like canids is very large.

Genetic research has revealed complex relationships within the canine family. Mitochondrial DNA shows the two subspecies diverged about 2.5 million years ago. This separation is longer than the split between the African golden wolf and the wolf lineage. Some scientists believe these subspecies might eventually be classified as separate species. There is also evidence of mitochondrial DNA introgression. This happened when an ancient ancestor of the Canis genus met the jackal lineage. This event likely occurred between 6.2 and 5.2 million years ago.

Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI)
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI)
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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:202104 Dog.svg
202104 Dog.svg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg
File:Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg
Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg
File:Black-backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) (51995687394), crop.jpg
Black-backed Jackal (Lupulella mesomelas)...
File:Black Backed Jackal Masaai Mara April 2008.JPG
Black Backed Jackal Masaai Mara April 2008.JPG

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