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Barbara Gittings

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Barbara Gittings was a central figure in the American LGBTQ civil rights movement.

Barbara Gittings 2006
Barbara Gittings 2006

She was an activist who fought for social acceptance and legal equality. Her work focused on changing how society and medical professionals viewed homosexuality. Many historians describe her as the "Rosa Parks" of the movement. She worked to ensure that LGBTQ individuals could live openly without fear of losing their jobs or being labeled as mentally ill.

Her early life was marked by a search for understanding in a difficult era. Gittings was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1932, to a U.S. diplomat. She later moved to the United States and attended Northwestern University. During this time, she faced social pressure and rumors regarding her sexual orientation. She found very little information about lesbianism in books. Most medical texts at the time described homosexuals as deviants. This lack of positive information drove her toward activism.

In the late 1950s, Gittings began organizing groups to support women. In 1958, she founded the New York City chapter of the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB). The DOB was an organization co-founded in San Francisco by Phyllis Lyon and Del Martin. Gittings served as the first president of the New York chapter for three years. During her leadership, meetings included between ten and forty members. They often invited professionals like doctors and lawyers to speak, even when those speakers held disparaging views.

From 1963 to 1966, Gittings served as the editor of the DOB magazine, *The Ladder*. She worked to transform the publication into a tool for real debate. She added the subtitle "A Lesbian Review" and used photographs of actual lesbians on the covers. This was a major shift from earlier styles. Gittings also engaged in direct political protest during the 1960s. In 1965, she joined the first gay picket lines at the White House and the State Department. She worked with Frank Kameny to protest the federal government's policy of firing gay employees.

Together with Kameny, Gittings led the Annual Reminder protests in Philadelphia. These protests took place at Independence Hall every July 4th from 1965 until the Stonewall Riots in 1969. She also participated in legal battles to challenge medical experts. In 1967, she and Kameny acted as co-counsels in Department of Defense hearings. They aimed to discredit experts who claimed homosexuality could be "cured." Their efforts helped lead to the removal of certain experts from the Department of Defense witness lists.

In the 1970s, Gittings shifted her focus toward libraries and medical institutions. She became the coordinator for the Task Force on Gay Liberation within the American Library Association (ALA) in 1971. Her goal was to promote positive literature and end censorship in libraries. She even used public demonstrations, such as a kissing booth at the 1971 ALA convention, to gain television coverage. She also fought to change the medical definition of homosexuality. In 1972, she helped organize a dialogue with the American Psychiatric Association.

Mural featuring Barbara Gittings
Mural featuring Barbara Gittings

This event featured a psychiatrist named John E. Fryer, who spoke in disguise to protect his career. These efforts contributed to the removal of homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1973.

Barbara Gittings' legacy is preserved through many awards and historical records. The ALA established the Stonewall Book Award-Barbara Gittings Literature Award for the best LGBTQ novels. The organization GLAAD also created an activist award in her honor. Her life and work are documented in several films, including *Before Stonewall* and *After Stonewall*. She and her partner, Kay Tobin Lahusen, donated their activist materials to the Cornell University Library. Her work helped build the foundation for organizations like the National LGBTQ Task Force.

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File:Mural featuring Barbara Gittings.jpg
Mural featuring Barbara Gittings.jpg
File:Barbara Gittings 2006.jpg
Barbara Gittings 2006.jpg
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