Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
⚛️

Ball lightning

physical science Maturity 9-11 supernatural Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: supernatural. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Ball lightning is a rare and unexplained atmospheric phenomenon. It appears as glowing, spherical objects in the sky or near the ground. Unlike a standard lightning bolt, which is a split-second flash, ball lightning lasts much longer. These luminous objects can vary significantly in size. They can be as small as a pea or as large as several meters in diameter.

Ball lightning
Ball lightning

Because they are so unusual, scientists have spent a long time trying to understand them. However, scientific data on ball lightning remains very scarce.

The behavior and appearance of ball lightning are highly unpredictable. Most reports describe the objects as being spherical or pear-shaped. They may have fuzzy edges or appear as ovals, teardrops, rods, or even disks. The colors can vary, but red, orange, and yellow are the most common. In terms of brightness, they are often compared to the light of a domestic lamp. This makes them visible even during the daytime.

Ball lightning spectrum
Ball lightning spectrum

Some observers have even described them as translucent or multicolored.

How these objects move is another mystery. They have been reported to move in unpredictable trajectories. Some balls hover in one place, while others move with or against the wind. They can move vertically, horizontally, or wander erratically. Some accounts even suggest the balls have a rotational motion. They also show strange interactions with physical objects. Some balls seem attracted to metal, moving along wires, fences, or railroad tracks. Others have been seen passing through solid wood or metal without any effect.

Ball lightning
Ball lightning

The way ball lightning ends is just as varied as its movement. A ball might suddenly vanish or gradually dissipate into the air. It might also be absorbed into an object. In many cases, the event ends with a "pop" or a loud explosion. Some explosions are reported to be forceful enough to cause damage. When the ball disappears, observers often report specific smells. These include the scent of ozone, nitrogen oxides, or burning sulfur.

Water plasma
Water plasma

Historical records show that people have witnessed ball lightning for centuries. One of the earliest known references is from an English monk named Gervase of Canterbury in 1195. He described a fiery globe falling toward a river near London. In 1638, a severe storm in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England, involved a ball of fire entering a church. This event caused significant damage and left a sulfurous odor. In 1753, a professor named Georg Richmann was killed in Russia while studying electricity. A ball of lightning traveled down his kite string and struck him.

Great Storm Widecombe woodcut
Great Storm Widecombe woodcut

Statistical studies have attempted to measure how common this phenomenon is. A 1960 investigation of personnel at Oak Ridge National Laboratory found that 5.6% of one group and 3.1% of another reported seeing ball lightning. A summary in Scientific American suggested that roughly 5% of the Earth's population might have seen it. Another study analyzed more than 2,000 individual cases. These numbers help researchers understand that while rare, ball lightning is a global occurrence. It has been reported in many different countries, including India, Germany, and Kazakhstan.

Ball lightning is distinct from other electrical phenomena. It is not the same as St. Elmo's fire or will-o'-the-wisps. While St. Elmo's fire is a well-known electrical discharge, ball lightning is a separate event. Understanding ball lightning helps scientists study atmospheric electricity. In 2014, researchers published an optical spectrum of a ball lightning event. This included high-frame-rate video to capture the light more clearly. By studying these rare moments, scientists hope to solve one of the many mysteries of our atmosphere.

598 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Ball lightning.png
Ball lightning.png
File:Great Storm Widecombe woodcut.gif
Great Storm Widecombe woodcut.gif
File:Ball lightning.jpg
Ball lightning.jpg
File:Ball lightning spectrum.svg
Ball lightning spectrum.svg
File:Water plasma.jpg
Water plasma.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.