Artificial leather

Some things look like leather.

They are made of plastic. This material is used for shoes and bags. It helps us save money. It is easy to clean too.

People use it for car seats. It does not crack or fade fast. Some kinds can be washed. Other kinds are waterproof. Some are made from plants. Even mushrooms can make it!

It is a very useful material.

Artificial leather looks like real leather. It is also called synthetic leather. People use it for clothes, shoes, and car seats.

It is often cheaper than real leather. It is also easy to look after. It does not crack or fade easily. Some types are even washable.

There are many ways to make it. One way uses a special paper. This paper is called casting paper. It has a pattern on it. This pattern looks like the texture of real leather. Workers coat the paper with layers of plastic. They might use polyurethane or PVC. These are types of plastic. After the layers set, they remove the paper.

The plastic keeps the leather shape.

Some new types use plants. You can make leather from pineapple leaves. Others use fungi, which are like mushrooms. Scientists are even studying how to use bacteria. This helps make leather that is better for the Earth. Some reports say making vegan leather can have less impact on nature than real leather.

Artificial leather is a material made to look like real leather. It is also called synthetic leather or faux leather. People use it for many things like clothing, shoes, and furniture. It is helpful when real leather is too expensive. It is also used when people want a material that is easier to clean. Some types are even waterproof.

This material is found in car interiors and on boats. It is a very useful tool for making many everyday items.

There are many ways to make this material work. One common way uses a special type of paper called casting paper. This paper has a texture pressed into it. This texture looks just like the surface of real leather. Workers coat the paper with layers of plastic. They might use polyurethane or PVC. These layers can include color, foam, or glue.

After the layers are set, the paper is removed. The plastic keeps the new leather shape.

People have been making fake leather for a long time. In the 19th century, people in Germany made something called Presstoff. It was made from layers of paper pulp. It was used a lot during the Second World War. Another early kind was Rexine from the United Kingdom. It was made in the 1920s by a company near Manchester. Rexine cost only a quarter of the price of real leather.

It was used to cover books and car seats.

Many different brands and types exist today. In 1963, a company called DuPont showed a material called Corfam at a shoe show. They also showed it at the 1964 New York World's Fair. There is also leatherette, which is plastic over fabric. Some people use cork leather made from the bark of trees. New types are being made from pineapple leaves called Piñatex. Scientists are even looking at using fungi to grow leather.

Making artificial leather can affect our planet in different ways. Making PVC often uses a lot of energy and petroleum. If PVC goes into a landfill, it might release chemicals into the soil. However, some types are better for the Earth. A 2018 report by Kering says vegan leather can have a lower impact than real leather. Some artificial leathers use plants instead of plastic. This helps make the material more sustainable for the future.

Artificial leather is a manufactured material designed to substitute for animal leather. It is frequently used in upholstery, clothing, footwear, and other items where a leather-like finish is desired. People choose these materials when real leather is too expensive or unsuitable for specific practical or ethical reasons. This material is known by many names, including synthetic leather, faux leather, vegan leather, and pleather. It is also called leatherette or PU leather, which refers to polyurethane.

There are several ways to manufacture these materials. One current method involves using an embossed release paper known as casting paper. This paper acts as a form to create the surface finish. The paper holds the texture of top-grain leather in a negative shape. Manufacturers coat this paper with several layers of plastic, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane. These layers might include a color layer, a foam layer, an adhesive, or a fabric layer.

The material is then cured, and the release paper is removed and possibly reused.

Different types of artificial leather have unique properties. Some are porous and breathable, making them comfortable for clothing. Others are impermeable and waterproof. For example, poromerics consist of a plastic coating on a fibrous base layer, usually polyester. The term was coined by DuPont, combining "porous" and "polymeric." Another type is leatherette, which is made by covering a natural or synthetic fabric with a soft PVC layer.

There is also cork leather, which is made from compressed bark from cork oak trees.

History shows a long evolution of these materials. In 19th-century Germany, inventors created Presstoff from layered and treated paper pulp. It became widely used in Germany during the Second World War when leather was rationed. However, Presstoff could not be used for footwear because it would delaminate under moisture or flex wear. In the United Kingdom, Rexine was produced by Rexine Ltd near Manchester. Starting in the 1920s, Rexine was used for bookbinding and motor vehicle interiors. It cost only about one-quarter of the price of real leather.

DuPont also played a major role in the history of synthetic materials. In 1963, they introduced Corfam, a poromeric material, at the Chicago Shoe Show. They even featured Corfam at the 1964 New York World's Fair. DuPont spent millions of dollars marketing these shoes to manufacturers. However, they withdrew Corfam from the market in 1971 and sold the rights to a company in Poland.

Today, many different brands exist, such as Alcantara from Japan or MB-Tex used in Mercedes-Benz vehicles.

Artificial leather has different effects on the environment. Producing PVC often requires petroleum feedstocks and large amounts of energy. To make PVC flexible, a plasticizer called a phthalate is required. If PVC ends up in a landfill, it does not decompose like real leather. It can release chemicals like dioxins into the soil and water. Because of this, polyurethane is currently more popular than PVC. Some artificial leathers also contain traces of restricted substances, such as the paint ingredient butanone oxime.

Despite these concerns, some artificial leathers are more sustainable. Plant-based leathers use only plant materials rather than plastic. Some reports suggest that making artificial leather can be better for the planet than making real leather. A 2018 sustainability report by Kering stated that the impact of vegan leather production can be up to one-third lower than real leather. Scientists are even developing new methods using biotechnology. They are working to make collagen through fermentation or using fungi, yeasts, and bacterial strains to create vegan leather.