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Applied mathematics

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Applied mathematics is the use of mathematical methods to solve practical problems across many different fields. It combines mathematical science with specialized knowledge from other areas of study. This includes disciplines like physics, engineering, medicine, biology, and finance. It also reaches into computer science, social science, and various industries.

Elmer-pump-heatequation
Elmer-pump-heatequation

Professionals in this field work by formulating and studying mathematical models. A model is a way to represent a real-world situation using math rules. This work is closely linked to pure mathematics. In the past, practical needs often drove the development of new mathematical theories. These theories then became subjects of study in pure mathematics, where concepts are explored for their own sake.

Historically, the field focused on a few specific areas of study. These included applied analysis, most notably differential equations. It also included approximation theory and applied probability. These topics were directly related to the growth of Newtonian physics. Before the mid-19th century, the line between mathematicians and physicists was not very sharp. This history influenced how math is taught in the United States. Until the early 20th century, American universities often taught classical mechanics in applied mathematics departments. Even today, some applied mathematics departments still teach fluid mechanics.

HD-Rayleigh-Taylor
HD-Rayleigh-Taylor

Modern applied mathematics has grown much broader than its historical roots. There is no single consensus on how to categorize its various branches. This difficulty arises because mathematics and science are constantly changing. Universities also organize their departments and degrees in different ways. Some mathematicians distinguish between "applied mathematics," which focuses on methods, and the "applications of mathematics" used in science. For example, a biologist using a population model is applying math rather than performing applied mathematics. However, mathematical biologists often create problems that help pure mathematics grow.

Oldfaithful3
Oldfaithful3

Some researchers use the term "applicable mathematics" to describe the field. This term helps separate traditional applied areas from newer uses of pure math. For instance, number theory was once considered purely abstract. Now, it is vital for cryptography, which secures digital information. Some see applicable mathematics as a collection of specific tools. These tools include real analysis, linear algebra, mathematical modeling, optimization, combinatorics, probability, and statistics.

Vehicle Routing Problem Example
Vehicle Routing Problem Example

Other authors view it as a union of these new applications with traditional fields.

Since World War II, the utility of mathematics has expanded into new territories. The rise of economics led to the creation of game theory and social choice theory. New fields like mathematical finance and data science have also emerged.

Market Data Index NYA on 20050726 202628 UTC
Market Data Index NYA on 20050726 202628 UTC

The invention of the computer changed the field again. This led to computational mathematics, computational science, and computational engineering. These areas use high-performance computing to simulate phenomena and solve complex problems. This often requires an interdisciplinary approach, combining math with other sciences.

Applied mathematics also connects deeply with engineering through specialized branches. Continuum mechanics is a foundational part of civil, mechanical, and aerospace engineering. It involves studying solid mechanics and fluid mechanics. This field has inspired difficult research questions regarding partial differential equations and the calculus of variations. One famous problem is the Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness question. Another essential area is control theory, which is used in electrical and aerospace engineering. It builds on the mathematics of dynamical systems.

Elmer-pump-heatequation
Elmer-pump-heatequation

Mathematicians like Aleksandr Lyapunov and Pierre-Louis Lions have contributed to its foundations.

Academic institutions handle applied mathematics in various ways. Some schools have separate departments for pure and applied mathematics. Others group them together in a single department. At the University of Cambridge, the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics is a notable exception. This department has hosted famous mathematicians like Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage, and Stephen Hawking. In the United States, Brown University holds the oldest applied math program.

Henry and Elizabeth Pearce Estate
Henry and Elizabeth Pearce Estate

Research universities like MIT often divide their math departments into pure and applied sections to manage these different focuses.

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