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Anthropocene

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The Anthropocene is a term used to describe a period when humans became a planetary force of change. It refers to the ways human activities accelerate geophysical and biochemical changes on Earth. These changes affect many systems, including the climate, ecosystems, and the landscape. Scientists use the term to study Earth's water, salt, and geology. It is also used in fields like limnology and hydrology. While the term is very popular in scientific and social discourse, it is not currently an official part of the geologic time scale.

The Anthropocene triple threat—climate change, biodiversity loss, and global food insecurity - Fsufs-05-564900-g001
The Anthropocene triple threat—climate change, biodiversity loss, and global food insecurity - Fsufs-05-564900-g001

Human impact on the Earth occurs through several complex processes. One major process is the change in the atmosphere and climate. This happens as humans burn fossil fuels, which releases carbon particles into the air. Another process involves the loss of biodiversity, where the variety of living things decreases. This can happen through land clearance or the use of chemical fertilizers. Humans also leave behind physical traces in the Earth's layers. These include microplastics, heavy metals, and radioactive nuclei. These materials become embedded in sediments and ice cores over time.

Technofossils
Technofossils

There is significant debate regarding the specific start date of the Anthropocene. Some scientists suggest the Neolithic Revolution, which occurred 12,000 to 15,000 years ago, as the beginning. This would link the era to the rise of early agriculture. Others point to the Industrial Revolution around 1780 or the use of the Newcomen steam engine in 1712. A more recent proposal focuses on the mid-20th century. This period is known as the Great Acceleration. During this time, global population and economic growth increased at a dramatic rate.

Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals
Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals

The mid-20th century proposal is tied to the start of the Atomic Age. This era saw an increase in the risks of nuclear accidents and warfare. Many researchers suggested July 16, 1945, the date of the Trinity test, as a starting point. The Trinity test was a major nuclear event.

Trinity Test Fireball 16ms
Trinity Test Fireball 16ms

Another group proposed the 1950s as the beginning. They looked at the Crawford Lake sediments in Ontario, Canada, for evidence. These sediments show a spike in plutonium from hydrogen bomb tests. They also show higher levels of nitrates from fertilizers and carbon from fuels.

To make the Anthropocene an official epoch, a group called the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) took several steps. In 2016, the AWG voted to recommend the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch. They worked to find a Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point, or GSSP. A GSSP is a physical location used to define the start of a geological unit. The AWG presented proposals to the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In 2023, they selected Crawford Lake as the site for the proposed boundary. They hoped to name the first age of this epoch the Crawfordian age.

In 2024, the proposal faced a major turning point. The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and the ICS reviewed the evidence. After 15 years of deliberation, the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) voted down the proposal. The vote was 12 to 4, with two abstentions. The rejection was due to the proposed 1950 start date being too recent. This is sometimes called recency bias. Experts also felt the proposal ignored earlier human impacts that happened at different times and places.

Even without official status, the term remains highly significant. The IUGS stated that the Anthropocene will continue to be used by many people. This includes Earth scientists, social scientists, politicians, and economists. It serves as an invaluable descriptor of how humans impact the Earth system. Some scholars argue the Anthropocene should be viewed as a geological event rather than an epoch. An event is a transformation that may not have one single, precise starting date. This view compares it to the Great Oxidation Event in Earth's history. This perspective helps reconcile different models of human impact across time.

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File:The Anthropocene triple threat—climate change, biodiversity loss, and global food insecurity - Fsufs-05-564900-g001.jpg
The Anthropocene triple threat—climate...
File:Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg
Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg
File:Technofossils.jpg
Technofossils.jpg
File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png
Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png
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