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Anatomy

life science Maturity 11-13 Vital Level 3 Next article →

Anatomy is the study of how living things are built.

Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919000, Verso The bones and muscles of the arm c.1510-11
Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919000, Verso The bones and muscles of the arm c.1510-11

It looks at the shape, size, and position of every part. Scientists also look at what these parts are made of. They study how different organs relate to each other. This science is different from physiology, which studies how parts work.

An écorché figure (life-size), lying prone on a table Wellcome L0020561
An écorché figure (life-size), lying prone on a table Wellcome L0020561

While a physiologist studies how a liver makes bile, an anatomist studies the liver's shape and blood supply.

There are two main ways to look at these structures. The first is gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy. This is the study of parts you can see with your own eyes.

Frog anatomy tags
Frog anatomy tags

The second way is microscopic anatomy. This uses tools to see tiny structures. One part is histology, which is the study of tissues. Another part is embryology, which is the study of how an organism grows from an immature state.

Siemens-electron-microscope
Siemens-electron-microscope

People have studied anatomy for a very long time. It has its beginnings in prehistoric times. In the past, scientists used dissection to learn. This meant they opened up carcasses or cadavers to see inside.

13th century anatomical illustration
13th century anatomical illustration

Over time, methods have improved a lot. In the 20th century, new medical imaging was created. Now, doctors use X-rays, ultrasound, and MRI scans.

Parasagittal MRI of human head in patient with benign familial macrocephaly prior to brain injury (ANIMATED)
Parasagittal MRI of human head in patient with benign familial macrocephaly prior to brain injury (ANIMATED)

These tools let us see inside the body without any cutting.

Animal bodies are made of four basic types of tissue. Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place.

Cartilage polarised
Cartilage polarised

This includes things like bone, cartilage, and fat. Epithelial tissue is made of closely packed cells. It forms layers like the skin that covers your body.

Normal gastric mucosa low mag
Normal gastric mucosa low mag

Muscle tissue is made of cells that contract to create movement.

Skeletal muscle - cross section, nerve bundle
Skeletal muscle - cross section, nerve bundle

Finally, nervous tissue uses cells called neurons to send information.

Understanding anatomy helps us see how all life is connected. Most animals have bodies made of different tissues.

Anima cell notext
Anima cell notext

Many animals are triploblastic, meaning they have three layers of tissue. These layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Even vertebrates share a similar basic body plan. They all have a spinal cord and a nervous system.

VolRenderShearWarp
VolRenderShearWarp

By studying these structures, we learn how every living thing is organized.

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🖼️ Images & Media (25)
File:Vesalius-copy.jpg
Vesalius-copy.jpg
File:An écorché figure (life-size), lying prone on a table Wellcome L0020561.jpg
An écorché figure (life-size), lying...
File:Anima cell notext.svg
Anima cell notext.svg
File:Cartilage polarised.jpg
Cartilage polarised.jpg
File:Normal gastric mucosa low mag.jpg
Normal gastric mucosa low mag.jpg
File:Skeletal muscle - cross section, nerve bundle.jpg
Skeletal muscle - cross section, nerve bundle.jpg
File:VolRenderShearWarp.gif
VolRenderShearWarp.gif
File:Internal anatomy of a fish (cutaway diagram).jpg
Internal anatomy of a fish (cutaway diagram).jpg
File:Ceratophrys cornuta skeleton front.jpg
Ceratophrys cornuta skeleton front.jpg
File:Frog anatomy tags.PNG
Frog anatomy tags.PNG
File:Crotalus atrox -Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA-29Aug2012.jpg
Crotalus atrox -Museum of Osteology,...
File:Duerer wing of a blue roller.jpg
Duerer wing of a blue roller.jpg

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