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American literature

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American literature encompasses all written or produced works within the United States.

LOC Main Reading Room Highsmith
LOC Main Reading Room Highsmith

It includes the English-language tradition and works in many other languages. This body of work serves as a record of a changing nation. It captures the thoughts, struggles, and identities of diverse people. From political pamphlets to experimental novels, it reflects the evolving American experience. It is a vast, living collection of human expression.

The development of this literature followed several distinct paths. Long before European arrival, Indigenous tribes maintained rich oral literature.

Bay Psalm Book title page
Bay Psalm Book title page

This storytelling was not one single thing. It reflected many different cultures across various tribal territories. Later, European settlement introduced printing technology to the continent. The English language gained a foothold through political influence and settlement. This process changed the linguistic landscape of North America significantly. Printing allowed ideas to spread through books, journals, and pamphlets.

Early colonial literature was shaped by religion and settlement.

Houghton STC 22790 - Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, John Smith
Houghton STC 22790 - Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, John Smith

In New England, writers like John Winthrop discussed religious foundations. Winthrop's "A modell of Christian Charity" outlined a Puritan utopia. Other authors, such as William Bradford, recorded early colonial life in journals. In the South, writers like William Bartram described the landscape and local tribes. These early works often focused on the interaction between settlers and the land. They also explored the religious disputes that drove migration.

The Revolutionary Period marked a shift toward political identity.

Memoirs of Franklin
Memoirs of Franklin

Writers used their pens to argue for independence and new social structures. Benjamin Franklin became a key figure with his autobiography and almanacs. Thomas Paine's pamphlet, "Common Sense," was highly influential during this time. This era also saw the rise of African-American literature. Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano provided essential perspectives from enslaved people. These voices began to shape the early American literary canon.

In the 19th century, literature moved toward unique cultural forms.

Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857
Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857

John Neal encouraged writers to move away from British imitation. This helped lead to movements like Transcendentalism, pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville explored deep human themes.

Nathaniel Hawthorne - NARA - 530280cr
Nathaniel Hawthorne - NARA - 530280cr

Poets such as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson defined the era's verse.

Black-white photograph of Emily Dickinson2
Black-white photograph of Emily Dickinson2

This century saw the growth of diverse genres, from slave narratives to novels. Writers like Mark Twain also emerged from the American West.

The 20th century brought the era of Modernism.

Francis Scott Fitzgerald 1937 June 4 (1) (photo by Carl van Vechten)
Francis Scott Fitzgerald 1937 June 4 (1) (photo by Carl van Vechten)

Following World War I, writers rejected older values and forms. F. Scott Fitzgerald captured the 1920s, while others used experimental styles.

Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner became famous for these new methods. During the Great Depression, John Steinbeck wrote about social struggles. Later, World War II inspired works by Norman Mailer and Kurt Vonnegut Jr. These authors used literature to process the complexities of modern warfare.

Modern American literature is defined by its incredible diversity.

Jhumpa Lahiri (2015)
Jhumpa Lahiri (2015)

There is now great acceptance for immigrant, ethnic, and LGBT writers. African American authors like Toni Morrison and James Baldwin are central to the canon.

Native American literature also gained significant recognition. N. Scott Momaday won the Pulitzer Prize in 1969 for his novel. Even folk-rock songwriter Bob Dylan won the Nobel Prize in 2016. Today, the literature continues to grow through many different languages and perspectives.

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🖼️ Images & Media (31)
File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg
LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg
File:Houghton STC 22790 - Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, John Smith.jpg
Houghton STC 22790 - Generall Historie of...
File:LettersFromAnAmericanFarmer.png
LettersFromAnAmericanFarmer.png
File:Memoirs of Franklin.jpg
Memoirs of Franklin.jpg
File:Washington Irving and his Literary Friends at Sunnyside.jpg
Washington Irving and his Literary...
File:John Neal by Sarah Miriam Peale 1823 Portland Museum of Art.jpg
John Neal by Sarah Miriam Peale 1823...
File:Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857.jpg
Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857.jpg
File:Nathaniel Hawthorne - NARA - 530280cr.jpg
Nathaniel Hawthorne - NARA - 530280cr.jpg
File:Cather Van Vechten.jpg
Cather Van Vechten.jpg
File:Ernest Hemingway in Milan 1918 retouched 3.jpg
Ernest Hemingway in Milan 1918 retouched 3.jpg
File:Francis Scott Fitzgerald 1937 June 4 (1) (photo by Carl van Vechten).jpg
Francis Scott Fitzgerald 1937 June 4 (1)...
File:Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner (greyscale and cropped).jpg
Carl Van Vechten - William Faulkner...

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